Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition Flashcards
are neutral chemical compounds containing the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
CARBOHYDRATES
carbohydrates may be defined as?
polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones or acids
it as also known the carbohydrate present in animal body.
animal starch or glycogen
two groups of carbohydrates.
•SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES
•INSOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES
they are called nitrogen free extract (NFE) and include simple sugar, starch anf hemicellulose.
SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES
group of carbohydrates, which are easily digestible in the in the body.
Soluble carbohydrates
group of carbohydrates, include hard fibrous substance like crude fibre, cellulose and lignin.
insoluble carbohydrates
group of carbohydrates that less digestible by non-ruminants and easily digested in ruminants by rumen microflora and microfauna.
insoluble carbohydrates
functions of carbohydrates
•serve as a major source of energy in animal body.
•they are essential components of milk as lactose.
•they maintain the glucose level of plasma.
2 groups of sugars.
Monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
the simplest sugar that cannot be hydrolysed into smaller units under reasonably mild conditions.
monosaccharides
sub-groups of monosaccharides
- Triose (C3H6O3)
- Tetroses (C4H6O4)
- Pentoses (C5H10O5)
- Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Sugar containing an aldehyde (CHO) group, are classed as?
ALDOSE.
e.g. glucose, mannose and galactose
occurs in pentosans as arabans. it is a component of hemicellulose and gum and present in silage.
L-Arabinose
occurs in pentosans in the forms of xylans.
D-xylose
present in all living cells as a constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA).
D-Ribose
this sugar occurs in plants, fruits honey, blood and other body fluid.
D-glucose
major component pf many oligosaccharide, polysaccharide and glucosides.
Glucose
occurs free in green leaves, fruit and honey.
fructose or fruit sugar
occurs in polymerized form as mannan
mannose
occurs in milk and is also a component of g, mucilages, pigments etc.
Galactose
occurs as the phosphate, as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate metabolic pathways.
heptoses
includes all sugars other than the monosaccharides.
Oligosaccharides
a large number of disaccharides compound are theoretically possible, depending upon the monosaccharides present in the manner in which they are linked
Disaccharides
most nutritionally important of disaccharides:
sucrose
maltose
lactose
cellobiose
familiar sugar of domestic use, widely distributed in nature and occurs in most of the plants
Sucrose, cane sugar, beet sugar or saccharose
occurs in milk only as a product of mammary gland
lactose or milk sugar
produced during the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen by dilute acids or enzymes.
Maltose or malt sugar
does not exist naturally as a free sugar, but is the basic repeating unit of cellulose. it is less soluble and less sweet.
cellobiose
unions of three molecules of hexose sugars.
trisaccharides
produce by the union of four hexose residues
tetrasaccharides
example of tetrasaccharides
stachyose
they are tasteless, insoluble, amorphous compounds with a high molecular weight.
non-sugars
2 groups of non-sugars
1.) homopolysaccharides
2.) heteropolysaccharides
classified according to the kind of sugar, which produce on hydrolysis.
homopolysaccharides
they are mixed polysaccharides, which on hydrolysis yield mixtures of monosaccharides and derived products.
heteropolysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
polysaccharides
reserve materials of most plants consist primarily of starch
starch
straight chain of glucose units
amylose
mixed with a branched chain structure
amylopectin
the small amount of carbohydrates reserve in the liver and muscles
glycogen
also called “animal starch”
glycogen
main carbohydrate storage product in the animal body and plays essential role in energy metabolism.
glycogen
intermediate products of the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen
dextrins
soluble in water and produce gum like solutions
dextrins
it is glucan and is the most abundant plant constituent
cellulose
occurs as reserve material in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of a variety of plants
frutosans
these are polysaccharides, occur in cell wall of plants.
galactans and mannans
refer to a group of plant polysaccharides in which D-galacturonic acid is the main constituent.
Pectin
major constituent of the exoskeleton of insects and crustacea.
Chitin
group of substances, including araban, xylan and certain hexosans and polyuronides.
hemicellulose
useful plant gum and produced from the wound in the plant
gum arabic
found in few plants and seeds.
mucilages
sulphated polysaccharides. found in constituents of seaweeds and in mammalian tissues
Agar
present in the skin, synovial fluid and umblical cord.
hyaluronic acid
it is an anticoagulant, occur in blood, liver and lung.
heparin
woody parts of plants contain a complex indigestible substance
lignin
mainly responsible for fermentation in the digestive tract
bacteria and protozoa
all carbohydrates are converted into_________.
pyruvic acid
primary site pf carbohydrate digestion
lumen of the small intestine
dietary simple sugars, do not need to be digested.
glucose and fructose
sucrose is acted upon by
sucrase
lactose is acted upon by
lactase
end product of carbohydrate digestion in non-ruminants
glucose
galactose
fructose
dependent active transport
(ATP) Adenosine triphosphate
factors affecting digestion of carbohydrates in non-ruminants
- Particle Size
- Form of starch
- Processing
- Fibre content
- Enzyme inhibitors
main organ for the absorption of dietary nutrients by the monogastric mammal
small intestine
fastest absorbed than glucose, fructose, mannose, and slowest pentose sugar
galactose
major portion of the ruminants diet
cellulose, hemicellulose and other carbohydrates
Bacteria, which help in carbohydrate digestion
- cellulose digester
- starch digester
- hemicellulose digester
- sugar fermenting bacteria
- methanogenic bacteria
- proteolytic bacteria
- lipolytic bacteria
produce energy as ATP for the bacteria to use for protein synthesis and their own growth.
Rumen fermentation
also known as short-chain fatty acids
VFA (volatile fatty acids)
3 major VFAs
acetic (C2)
propionic (C3)
butyric acid (C4)
tube-like fold of tissue
reticular/esophageal groove reflex
end products of rumen fermentation
-microbial cell masses or microbial protein-synthesized VFA.
present as are principal gases
carbon dioxide and methane
produces partly as by-product pf carbohydrate fermentation.
Carbon dioxide
predominates on a high roughage diet and is a precursors for mammalian milk fat
acetic acid
predominates on a high concentrate diet and provides energy via the conversion of blood glucose in the liver
propanoic acid
provides energy to the rumen wall and is used in milk fat synthesis and for body fat. energy is present in the diet
butyric acid
