Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition

Question 1

are neutral chemical compounds containing the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Answer 1

CARBOHYDRATES

Question 2

carbohydrates may be defined as?

Answer 2

polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones or acids

Question 3

it as also known the carbohydrate present in animal body.

Answer 3

animal starch or glycogen

Question 4

two groups of carbohydrates.

Answer 4

•SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES
•INSOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

Question 5

they are called nitrogen free extract (NFE) and include simple sugar, starch anf hemicellulose.

Answer 5

SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

Question 6

group of carbohydrates, which are easily digestible in the in the body.

Answer 6

Soluble carbohydrates

Question 7

group of carbohydrates, include hard fibrous substance like crude fibre, cellulose and lignin.

Answer 7

insoluble carbohydrates

Question 8

group of carbohydrates that less digestible by non-ruminants and easily digested in ruminants by rumen microflora and microfauna.

Answer 8

insoluble carbohydrates

Question 9

functions of carbohydrates

Answer 9

•serve as a major source of energy in animal body.
•they are essential components of milk as lactose.
•they maintain the glucose level of plasma.

Question 10

2 groups of sugars.

Answer 10

Monosaccharides
oligosaccharides

Question 11

the simplest sugar that cannot be hydrolysed into smaller units under reasonably mild conditions.

Answer 11

monosaccharides

Question 12

sub-groups of monosaccharides

Answer 12

• Triose (C3H6O3)
• Tetroses (C4H6O4)
• Pentoses (C5H10O5)
• Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Question 13

Sugar containing an aldehyde (CHO) group, are classed as?

Answer 13

ALDOSE.
e.g. glucose, mannose and galactose

Question 14

occurs in pentosans as arabans. it is a component of hemicellulose and gum and present in silage.

Answer 14

L-Arabinose

Question 15

occurs in pentosans in the forms of xylans.

Answer 15

D-xylose

Question 16

present in all living cells as a constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 16

D-Ribose

Question 17

this sugar occurs in plants, fruits honey, blood and other body fluid.

Answer 17

D-glucose

Question 18

major component pf many oligosaccharide, polysaccharide and glucosides.

Answer 18

Glucose

Question 19

occurs free in green leaves, fruit and honey.

Answer 19

fructose or fruit sugar

Question 20

occurs in polymerized form as mannan

Answer 20

mannose

Question 21

occurs in milk and is also a component of g, mucilages, pigments etc.

Answer 21

Galactose

Question 22

occurs as the phosphate, as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate metabolic pathways.

Answer 22

heptoses

Question 23

includes all sugars other than the monosaccharides.

Answer 23

Oligosaccharides

Question 24

a large number of disaccharides compound are theoretically possible, depending upon the monosaccharides present in the manner in which they are linked

Answer 24

Disaccharides

Question 25

most nutritionally important of disaccharides:

Answer 25

sucrose maltose lactose cellobiose

Question 26

familiar sugar of domestic use, widely distributed in nature and occurs in most of the plants

Answer 26

Sucrose, cane sugar, beet sugar or saccharose

Question 27

occurs in milk only as a product of mammary gland

Answer 27

lactose or milk sugar

Question 28

produced during the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen by dilute acids or enzymes.

Answer 28

Maltose or malt sugar

Question 29

does not exist naturally as a free sugar, but is the basic repeating unit of cellulose. it is less soluble and less sweet.

Answer 29

cellobiose

Question 30

unions of three molecules of hexose sugars.

Answer 30

trisaccharides

Question 31

produce by the union of four hexose residues

Answer 31

tetrasaccharides

Question 32

example of tetrasaccharides

Answer 32

stachyose

Question 33

they are tasteless, insoluble, amorphous compounds with a high molecular weight.

Answer 33

non-sugars

Question 34

2 groups of non-sugars

Answer 34

1.) homopolysaccharides 2.) heteropolysaccharides

Question 35

classified according to the kind of sugar, which produce on hydrolysis.

Answer 35

homopolysaccharides

Question 36

they are mixed polysaccharides, which on hydrolysis yield mixtures of monosaccharides and derived products.

Answer 36

heteropolysaccharides

Question 37

long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Answer 37

polysaccharides

Question 38

reserve materials of most plants consist primarily of starch

Answer 38

starch

Question 39

straight chain of glucose units

Answer 39

amylose

Question 40

mixed with a branched chain structure

Answer 40

amylopectin

Question 41

the small amount of carbohydrates reserve in the liver and muscles

Answer 41

glycogen

Question 42

also called "animal starch"

Answer 42

glycogen

Question 43

main carbohydrate storage product in the animal body and plays essential role in energy metabolism.

Answer 43

glycogen

Question 44

intermediate products of the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen

Answer 44

dextrins

Question 45

soluble in water and produce gum like solutions

Answer 45

dextrins

Question 46

it is glucan and is the most abundant plant constituent

Answer 46

cellulose

Question 47

occurs as reserve material in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of a variety of plants

Answer 47

frutosans

Question 48

these are polysaccharides, occur in cell wall of plants.

Answer 48

galactans and mannans

Question 49

refer to a group of plant polysaccharides in which D-galacturonic acid is the main constituent.

Answer 49

Pectin

Question 50

major constituent of the exoskeleton of insects and crustacea.

Answer 50

Chitin

Question 51

group of substances, including araban, xylan and certain hexosans and polyuronides.

Answer 51

hemicellulose

Question 52

useful plant gum and produced from the wound in the plant

Answer 52

gum arabic

Question 53

found in few plants and seeds.

Answer 53

mucilages

Question 54

sulphated polysaccharides. found in constituents of seaweeds and in mammalian tissues

Answer 54

Agar

Question 55

present in the skin, synovial fluid and umblical cord.

Answer 55

hyaluronic acid

Question 56

it is an anticoagulant, occur in blood, liver and lung.

Answer 56

heparin

Question 57

woody parts of plants contain a complex indigestible substance

Answer 57

lignin

Question 58

mainly responsible for fermentation in the digestive tract

Answer 58

bacteria and protozoa

Question 59

all carbohydrates are converted into_________.

Answer 59

pyruvic acid

Question 60

primary site pf carbohydrate digestion

Answer 60

lumen of the small intestine

Question 61

dietary simple sugars, do not need to be digested.

Answer 61

glucose and fructose

Question 62

sucrose is acted upon by

Answer 62

sucrase

Question 63

lactose is acted upon by

Answer 63

lactase

Question 64

end product of carbohydrate digestion in non-ruminants

Answer 64

glucose galactose fructose

Question 65

dependent active transport

Answer 65

(ATP) Adenosine triphosphate

Question 66

factors affecting digestion of carbohydrates in non-ruminants

Answer 66

1. Particle Size 2. Form of starch 3. Processing 4. Fibre content 5. Enzyme inhibitors

Question 67

main organ for the absorption of dietary nutrients by the monogastric mammal

Answer 67

small intestine

Question 68

fastest absorbed than glucose, fructose, mannose, and slowest pentose sugar

Answer 68

galactose

Question 69

major portion of the ruminants diet

Answer 69

cellulose, hemicellulose and other carbohydrates

Question 70

Bacteria, which help in carbohydrate digestion

Answer 70

1. cellulose digester 2. starch digester 3. hemicellulose digester 4. sugar fermenting bacteria 5. methanogenic bacteria 6. proteolytic bacteria 7. lipolytic bacteria

Question 71

produce energy as ATP for the bacteria to use for protein synthesis and their own growth.

Answer 71

Rumen fermentation

Question 72

also known as short-chain fatty acids

Answer 72

VFA (volatile fatty acids)

Question 73

3 major VFAs

Answer 73

acetic (C2) propionic (C3) butyric acid (C4)

Question 74

tube-like fold of tissue

Answer 74

reticular/esophageal groove reflex

Question 75

end products of rumen fermentation

Answer 75

-microbial cell masses or microbial protein-synthesized VFA.

Question 76

present as are principal gases

Answer 76

carbon dioxide and methane

Question 77

produces partly as by-product pf carbohydrate fermentation.

Answer 77

Carbon dioxide

Question 78

predominates on a high roughage diet and is a precursors for mammalian milk fat

Answer 78

acetic acid

Question 79

predominates on a high concentrate diet and provides energy via the conversion of blood glucose in the liver

Answer 79

propanoic acid

Question 80

provides energy to the rumen wall and is used in milk fat synthesis and for body fat. energy is present in the diet

Answer 80

butyric acid