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ZOOTH 212 (Animal Nutrition) > Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

are neutral chemical compounds containing the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

carbohydrates may be defined as?

A

polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones or acids

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3
Q

it as also known the carbohydrate present in animal body.

A

animal starch or glycogen

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4
Q

two groups of carbohydrates.

A

•SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES
•INSOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

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5
Q

they are called nitrogen free extract (NFE) and include simple sugar, starch anf hemicellulose.

A

SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

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6
Q

group of carbohydrates, which are easily digestible in the in the body.

A

Soluble carbohydrates

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7
Q

group of carbohydrates, include hard fibrous substance like crude fibre, cellulose and lignin.

A

insoluble carbohydrates

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8
Q

group of carbohydrates that less digestible by non-ruminants and easily digested in ruminants by rumen microflora and microfauna.

A

insoluble carbohydrates

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9
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A

•serve as a major source of energy in animal body.
•they are essential components of milk as lactose.
•they maintain the glucose level of plasma.

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10
Q

2 groups of sugars.

A

Monosaccharides
oligosaccharides

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11
Q

the simplest sugar that cannot be hydrolysed into smaller units under reasonably mild conditions.

A

monosaccharides

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12
Q

sub-groups of monosaccharides

A
  • Triose (C3H6O3)
  • Tetroses (C4H6O4)
  • Pentoses (C5H10O5)
  • Hexoses (C6H12O6)
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13
Q

Sugar containing an aldehyde (CHO) group, are classed as?

A

ALDOSE.
e.g. glucose, mannose and galactose

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14
Q

occurs in pentosans as arabans. it is a component of hemicellulose and gum and present in silage.

A

L-Arabinose

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15
Q

occurs in pentosans in the forms of xylans.

A

D-xylose

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16
Q

present in all living cells as a constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A

D-Ribose

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17
Q

this sugar occurs in plants, fruits honey, blood and other body fluid.

A

D-glucose

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18
Q

major component pf many oligosaccharide, polysaccharide and glucosides.

A

Glucose

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19
Q

occurs free in green leaves, fruit and honey.

A

fructose or fruit sugar

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20
Q

occurs in polymerized form as mannan

A

mannose

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21
Q

occurs in milk and is also a component of g, mucilages, pigments etc.

A

Galactose

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22
Q

occurs as the phosphate, as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate metabolic pathways.

A

heptoses

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23
Q

includes all sugars other than the monosaccharides.

A

Oligosaccharides

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24
Q

a large number of disaccharides compound are theoretically possible, depending upon the monosaccharides present in the manner in which they are linked

A

Disaccharides

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25
Q

most nutritionally important of disaccharides:

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose
cellobiose

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26
Q

familiar sugar of domestic use, widely distributed in nature and occurs in most of the plants

A

Sucrose, cane sugar, beet sugar or saccharose

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27
Q

occurs in milk only as a product of mammary gland

A

lactose or milk sugar

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28
Q

produced during the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen by dilute acids or enzymes.

A

Maltose or malt sugar

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29
Q

does not exist naturally as a free sugar, but is the basic repeating unit of cellulose. it is less soluble and less sweet.

A

cellobiose

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30
Q

unions of three molecules of hexose sugars.

A

trisaccharides

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31
Q

produce by the union of four hexose residues

A

tetrasaccharides

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32
Q

example of tetrasaccharides

A

stachyose

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33
Q

they are tasteless, insoluble, amorphous compounds with a high molecular weight.

A

non-sugars

34
Q

2 groups of non-sugars

A

1.) homopolysaccharides
2.) heteropolysaccharides

35
Q

classified according to the kind of sugar, which produce on hydrolysis.

A

homopolysaccharides

36
Q

they are mixed polysaccharides, which on hydrolysis yield mixtures of monosaccharides and derived products.

A

heteropolysaccharides

37
Q

long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

A

polysaccharides

38
Q

reserve materials of most plants consist primarily of starch

A

starch

39
Q

straight chain of glucose units

A

amylose

40
Q

mixed with a branched chain structure

A

amylopectin

41
Q

the small amount of carbohydrates reserve in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

42
Q

also called “animal starch”

A

glycogen

43
Q

main carbohydrate storage product in the animal body and plays essential role in energy metabolism.

A

glycogen

44
Q

intermediate products of the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen

A

dextrins

45
Q

soluble in water and produce gum like solutions

A

dextrins

46
Q

it is glucan and is the most abundant plant constituent

A

cellulose

47
Q

occurs as reserve material in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of a variety of plants

A

frutosans

48
Q

these are polysaccharides, occur in cell wall of plants.

A

galactans and mannans

49
Q

refer to a group of plant polysaccharides in which D-galacturonic acid is the main constituent.

A

Pectin

50
Q

major constituent of the exoskeleton of insects and crustacea.

A

Chitin

51
Q

group of substances, including araban, xylan and certain hexosans and polyuronides.

A

hemicellulose

52
Q

useful plant gum and produced from the wound in the plant

A

gum arabic

53
Q

found in few plants and seeds.

A

mucilages

54
Q

sulphated polysaccharides. found in constituents of seaweeds and in mammalian tissues

A

Agar

55
Q

present in the skin, synovial fluid and umblical cord.

A

hyaluronic acid

56
Q

it is an anticoagulant, occur in blood, liver and lung.

A

heparin

57
Q

woody parts of plants contain a complex indigestible substance

A

lignin

58
Q

mainly responsible for fermentation in the digestive tract

A

bacteria and protozoa

59
Q

all carbohydrates are converted into_________.

A

pyruvic acid

60
Q

primary site pf carbohydrate digestion

A

lumen of the small intestine

61
Q

dietary simple sugars, do not need to be digested.

A

glucose and fructose

62
Q

sucrose is acted upon by

A

sucrase

63
Q

lactose is acted upon by

A

lactase

64
Q

end product of carbohydrate digestion in non-ruminants

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

65
Q

dependent active transport

A

(ATP) Adenosine triphosphate

66
Q

factors affecting digestion of carbohydrates in non-ruminants

A
  1. Particle Size
  2. Form of starch
  3. Processing
  4. Fibre content
  5. Enzyme inhibitors
67
Q

main organ for the absorption of dietary nutrients by the monogastric mammal

A

small intestine

68
Q

fastest absorbed than glucose, fructose, mannose, and slowest pentose sugar

A

galactose

69
Q

major portion of the ruminants diet

A

cellulose, hemicellulose and other carbohydrates

70
Q

Bacteria, which help in carbohydrate digestion

A
  1. cellulose digester
  2. starch digester
  3. hemicellulose digester
  4. sugar fermenting bacteria
  5. methanogenic bacteria
  6. proteolytic bacteria
  7. lipolytic bacteria
71
Q

produce energy as ATP for the bacteria to use for protein synthesis and their own growth.

A

Rumen fermentation

72
Q

also known as short-chain fatty acids

A

VFA (volatile fatty acids)

73
Q

3 major VFAs

A

acetic (C2)
propionic (C3)
butyric acid (C4)

74
Q

tube-like fold of tissue

A

reticular/esophageal groove reflex

75
Q

end products of rumen fermentation

A

-microbial cell masses or microbial protein-synthesized VFA.

76
Q

present as are principal gases

A

carbon dioxide and methane

77
Q

produces partly as by-product pf carbohydrate fermentation.

A

Carbon dioxide

78
Q

predominates on a high roughage diet and is a precursors for mammalian milk fat

A

acetic acid

79
Q

predominates on a high concentrate diet and provides energy via the conversion of blood glucose in the liver

A

propanoic acid

80
Q

provides energy to the rumen wall and is used in milk fat synthesis and for body fat. energy is present in the diet

A

butyric acid

ZOOTH 212 (Animal Nutrition) (2 decks)

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