carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what are the roles of carbohydrates?

A

they coat cell surfaces
they’re used for the modification of secreted proteins to protect them from degradation
they form part of receptors for lots of pathogens
they form the basic blood groups

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2
Q

what are carbohydrates made from?

A

monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages

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3
Q

what do the names of all the sugars end in?

A

-ose

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4
Q

what type of molecules are monosaccharides?

A

aldehydes and ketones

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5
Q

what are the basic names of the monosacharides?

A

3C monosaccharides- triose
4C monosaccharides= tetraoses
5C monosaccharides = pentoses
6C monosaccharides = hexoses
7C monosaccharises= heptoses

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6
Q

what form is glucose mostly in?

A

the ring form as its more energetically stable

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7
Q

what makes hemiacetals?

A

an aldehyde group and an alcohol

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8
Q

how are sugar alcohols formed?

A

by a reduction reaction of the aldehyde group of glucose to a hydroxyl group

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9
Q

what are sugar alcohols used in?

A

theyre used in food suitable for diabetics as its sweet tasting but doesn’t have glucose in it

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10
Q

what is the difference in energy between glucose and sugar alcohol?

A

the energy in sugar alcohols is about half the energy of glucose

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11
Q

what do phosphorylated sugars do?

A

they can be taken up by the cell, then go thought the cell and then diffuse back out so it is phosphorylated

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12
Q

how are phosphorylated sugars made?

A

theyre made by the addition of a phosphoric group onto a monoaccharide- this makes the sugar anionic to trap the sugars within the cell and create a reactive intermediate in sugar metabolism

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13
Q

how many monosaccharides do disaccharides have? and what type of reaction forms them?

A

2- and theyre formed by a condensation reaction

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14
Q

how many monosaccharides form oligosaccharides?

A

3-10

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15
Q

are olgiosaccharides digestable?

A

no, thyre not usually digestable

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16
Q

where are intrinsic sugars found?

A

theyre contained within the plant cell wall

17
Q

Where are extrinsic sugars found?

A

theyre free in sloution
these are the bad ones that cause plaque and cavities

18
Q

what are the most common simple sugars?

A

sucrose (made from 1 glucose and one frutose)
fructose
maltose
lactose (made from one glucose and one galactose)
mannose
glucose

19
Q

where do sucrose and lactose come from? (they come from different places)

A

lactose- milk sugar
sucrose- cane sugar

20
Q

what is the formula for simple sugars?

A

C12H22O11

21
Q

when is glucose osmotically active?

A

its osmotically active until you have lots of glucose molecules together then its not

22
Q

how many sugars make up nutritionallu important disaccharides?

A

2

23
Q

name some nutritionally imoirtant disaccharides? and what are they made up of?

A

sucrose (glycosyl-fructose)
isomaltose (isoform of maltose linked 1-6)
lactose (galactosyl-glucose)
maltose (glucosyl-glycose)
trehalose (glycosyl-glucose)

24
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

theyre sugars made up of more than 2 sugars

25
Q

what are some polysaccharides?

A

starch - this has a variable no. of glucose units)
amylose - this is a chain of glucose molecules
amylopenctin- this is a chain of glucose molecules and every 30th one, the glucose branches to other glucose residues
glycogen- this is similar to amylopectin but instead its every 10th one
non-starch polysacchrides- these cant be digested by human enzymes, but can be digested by the human digestion

26
Q

how can we digest starch?

A

you need to cook it to be able to break it down and get the energy out of it
uncooked starch is resistant to digestion because it presents as small, insoluble granules

27
Q

what does the hydrolysis of starch by amylase result in?

A

the amylase is founs in the saliva and pancreatic juices and they result in the formation of dextrins then glucose, maltose and isomaltose