Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Carbohydrates, Cardiac Markers, Tumor Markers > Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Cardiac Markers, Tumor Markers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Trioses

A

3 Carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pentoses

A

5 Carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1 sugar unit = Monosaccharides =

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 sugar units = Disaccharides =

A

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

10+ sugar units = Polysaccharides =

A

Starch, cellulose, chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chemical properties

A

Reducing agents
Energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amylase

A

non-absorbable carbohydrates —> disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Maltose

A

disaccharides —> monosaccharides

gut absorption —> transported to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Galactose and fructose broken down to?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glucose

A

Primary source of energy
Direct use or stored as glycogen in liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glucose Metabolism Pathways

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
Glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glycolysis
(Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

A
  • Glucose —> pyruvate —> 2 NADH + 4 ATP
    — 2 ATP = 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Final product: 2 H2O, 2 pyruvate

Pyruvate —> acetyl-CoA —> Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

A

Generates energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Citric Acid Cycle
(Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

A

Aerobic
In mitochondria
1 cycle produces: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP

NADH + FADH also produces ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis
(Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

A

ATP obtained anaerobically
Pyruvic acid/pyruvate —> lactic acid

Lactic acid leaves muscle —> enters circulation —> liver —> glyconeogenesis —> glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glyconeogenesis

A

Glycogen —> broken down to glucose for energy

17
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose generation

18
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose stored as glycogen

(Like genesis of glycogen)

19
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen —> glucose

20
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Carbohydrates —> fatty acids

21
Q

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

A

Alternative pathway to glycolysis/Citric Acid Cycle
Doesn’t require mitochondria

Ribose-5-phosphate & NADPH - protect cell, lipid bilayer and enzymes; prevents cell death

22
Q

Glycogenesis (Glucose Metabolism)

A
  • Stored as glycogen for later use
  • Glucose —> CO2 + H2O —> ATP
  • Glucose —> G6P
  • Hexokinase & ATP
23
Q

Liver glycogen

A

G6P
maintains blood glucose levels

24
Q

Muscle glycogen

A

lack G6P
local energy source for exercise

25
Q

2 hormones that control blood glucose

A

Insulin
Glucagon

26
Q

Insulin

A
  • Responsible for glucose entry into cells
  • Synthesis: beta-cells of islets of Langerhans
  • Hypoglycemic agent (only hormone that decreases blood glucose levels)
27
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Synthesis: alpha-cells of islets of Langerhans
  • Hyperglycemic agent: increase blood glucose levels
  • Glycogenolysis - glycogen broken down to glucose for energy
  • Glyconeogenesis - glucose generation
28
Q

2 hormones from adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids

29
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • increase plasma glucose by: inhibiting insulin secretion, increasing glycogenolysis, promoting lipolysis
  • stress: fight or flight response
30
Q

Glucocorticoids (Steroid Hormones)

A
  • cortisol
  • ACTH —> adrenal cortex
  • increase plasma glucose by:
    > increasing gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
    > decreasing intestinal entry into cell, glycogenesis
31
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Immune system destroys beta-cells in pancreas —> pancreas not making insulin

Ketoacidosis

Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (increased food intake)
Polyuria (excessive urine production)
Weight loss, hyperventilation, mental confusion, loss of consciousness

32
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Insulin resistance and insulin secretion defect —> insulin deficiency

Obese patients

In adults

More common

33
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Placenta hormones —> insulin resistance

Insulin less effective because glucose builds up in blood rather than cells

Respiratory distress syndrome, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia

34
Q

Genetic Detects in Carbohydrate Metabolism

A

von Gierke disease: G6P deficiency type 1
- body cannot break down glycogen back to glucose

35
Q

Monitor diabetes with:

A
  • Glucose
  • Glycosylated proteins (HbA1c)
  • Ketones: increases
36
Q

HbA1c specimen

A

EDTA whole blood

37
Q

3 ketone bodies

A

Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

38
Q

Common method for measuring ketones

A

Urine reagent strip
Acetest tablets

Chemistry (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions