Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate and Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards by Reza Ghasemian

CHO cell membrane molecules

glycolipids-

Oligosaccharides

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CHO cell membrane molecules and extra cellular molecules

glycoproteins- Oligosaccharides

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Short, non-repetitive complex carbs

oligosaccharides

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Large repetitive carbs

polysaccharides

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Large, repetitive carbohydrate usually attached to a protein core and found in extracellular and cell membrane molecules

glycosaminoglycans

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Main plant based dietary carb

starch- glucose polymer

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glucose polymer with a(1-4) and a(1-6) bonds

glycogen

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amylopectin bonds

a(1-4) and a(1-6) bonds

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Amylose bonds

a(1-4)

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Milk sugar bonds

lactose- galactosyl-B(1-4)-glucose

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Cellulose bond

B(1-4)

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digestion of dietary carbs start in mouth by

salivary a-amylase

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epithelial brush border enzymes

degrade oligosaccharides into monosaccharides

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The digestion of starch continues in the intestine

Digestion by pancreatic enzyme

Digestion by enzymes of intestinal cells

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pancreas secrete this in the lumen of the SI, and cleaves a(1-4) linkage

pancreatic a-amylase

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Major Carb products that enter the stomach

dexterins

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dextrins are

linear branched oligosaccharides

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Products of pancreatic a-amylase

disaccharides: maltose, isomaltase

trisaccharides

Small oligosaccharides containing a-1,4 and a-1,6 linkages

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Sucrase, lactase, isomaltase and glucomylase are produced in —- and located in —-

AKA- Complexes of enzymes- produced by intestinal epithelial cell and located in their brush border

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Converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

sucrase

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is an example of B-galactosidase

lactase

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Latase (B-galactosidase) converts

lactose to glucose and galactose

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cleaves a-1,6 linkages and releases glucose residues from branched oligosaccharides

isomaltase

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Glucoamylase is an example of

a-glucosidase

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cond in w/c lactose can not be digested and is oxidized by bacteria in gut

intestinal lactase deficiency

Final products generated by digestion of dietary CHOs

Glucose Fructose Galactose

Dietary fiber

indigestible polysaccharides are part of it

linkage associated with indigestible polysaccharides

B-1,4 bonds of cellulose

Glucose 2nd act. transport

Gluc moves into intestinal epithelial cell on a transport protein along with Na+

Sugars- monosaccharides- are passed into the blood using

facilitative transporter

Facilitative transporters for monosaccharides are located on ----- side of intestinal cell

serosal side of intestinal epithelial cells

Major function of liver

maintenance of blood gluc level

Liver produces glucose by

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

The largest stores for glycogen are

muscle and liver

muscle glycogen

APT generation and muscle contraction

Liver glycogen

Blood gluc maintenance during fasting and exercise

G-6-P --> G-1P --> UDP-Glucose Used for: a- b-

a- glycogen b- compounds like proteoglycans utilize G-6-P

Major fate of G-6-P

enter glycolysis- produce pyruvate and generate NADH and ATP

G6p can enters the ------ pathway and generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

Pentose phosphate pathway

ribose-5-pathway and NADPH are major products of

Pentose phosphate pathway | PPp

NADPH from PPp

reactions such as biosynthesis of fatty acids

ribose-5-phosphate from PPp

used for nucleotide production

furanose

5member ring- monosacc

pyranose

6member ring- monosacc

a or B configuration depends on

the location of hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon

Monosacc ox to

acids

monosacc red to

polyols

O-glycosidic bond joins

monosacc to for polymers

N-glycosidic bonds found in

nucleotides

monosaccharides are called aldose or ketose based on

the most oxidized functional group: aldehyde or ketone

stereoisomers

same chem formula- diff in position of OH on 1 or more chiral carbon

enantiomers

stereoisomers that are mirror images

epimers

stereoisomers- differ in OH position on ONLY one chiral C

Na-independent monosacc transporter Release from intestinal epith cells into the circulation

GLUT-2

Na-independent monosacc transporter 1 | monosacc uptake from the lumen

SGLT1 | Glucose and galactose

fructose uptake from the intestinal lumen

GLUT-5

Na-independent monosacc transporter: From lumen into intestinal epithelial cell

GLUT-5 | Fructose

Glucose and galactose uptake from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal epithelial cells

SGLT1- Na- dep

Glucose transporter in RBCs and BBB

GLUT-1

Gluc transporter opn the endothelial cells of the brain blood vessels

GLUT-1

Na-indep glucose transporters

GLUT1,2,3,4

Main bidirectional gluc transporter in LIVER, KIDNEY and PANCREAS

GLUT-2 | Na-indep

Gluc transporter specific for muscle and adipose

GLUT-4

The only insulin regulated glucose transporter

GLUT-4

The only insulin dependent glucose transporters can be found in

muscle and adipose GLUT-4 Na-indep

GlUT-2

Main bidirectional transporter in liver, kidney and pancreas

Carbohydrate absorption takes place in the

Small intestine

GAGs

Glycosaminoglycans

Composed of repeating disaccharide units of 1- acidic sugar and 2- N-acetylated amino dugar

GAGs

Two acidic sugars found in GAGs

glucuronic | iduronic

All GAGs are attached to a protein core except

Hyaluronic acid

All GAGs, except hyaluronic acids are synthesized in

Golgi

GAGs charge

Negative

Exception to GAGs charge

GAGs negative- sulfated Except hyaluronic acid

hyaluronic acid synthesis takes place at

plasma membrane

The GAG property that conger resistance to tissue under compressive forces

"sponge behavior"H2O attracted to the NEGATIVE charge

A GAG wo an acidic sugar

KERATAN SULFATE

A GAG, unsulfated and unattached to a protein core

hyaluronic acid

heparin

GAG- Mast cells

heparin sulfate

GAG- Basement Membrane and Cell surfaces

keratin sulfate

GAG- Cartilage and cornea- Dosnt have an acidic sugar

dermatan sulfate

GAG-skin, blood vessel, heart valves

chondroitin sulfate

GA- cartilage, tendon, ligaments, aorta

Proteoglycan

protein + at least 1 GAG

The linkage region is attached to either ------- or ------ of the core protein

OH of Ser or Made of Asn

trisaccharides linkage

Gal-Gal-Xyl

{?-?]n--Gal-Gal-Xyl- (Ser or Asn)

Two components of Glycosaminoglycan [ N-acetylated Sugar- Uronic acid ] n GAG repeating disaccharide

Important monosaccharides with a C = O group at C2 (ketoses)

fructose (6C) Xylulose or ribulose (5C) Dihydroxyacetone (3C)

the main path of metabolism of dietary fructose or galactose

glycolysis

the product of glycolysis in anaerobic tissues such as brain, muscle, GI tract, retina, skin and erythrocytes w/o mitochondria

lactate

glycolysis in aerobic tissues like heart, liver and kidney

glycolyze glucose to pyruvate, convert pyruvate to acetyl coA via PDH and effect complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water using the TCA and ox-phos.