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Medical Biochemistry > Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate and Glycogen Metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate and Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

CHO cell membrane molecules

A

glycolipids-

Oligosaccharides

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2
Q

CHO cell membrane molecules and extra cellular molecules

A

glycoproteins- Oligosaccharides

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3
Q

Short, non-repetitive complex carbs

A

oligosaccharides

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4
Q

Large repetitive carbs

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

Large, repetitive carbohydrate usually attached to a protein core and found in extracellular and cell membrane molecules

A

glycosaminoglycans

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6
Q

Main plant based dietary carb

A

starch- glucose polymer

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7
Q

glucose polymer with a(1-4) and a(1-6) bonds

A

glycogen

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8
Q

amylopectin bonds

A

a(1-4) and a(1-6) bonds

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9
Q

Amylose bonds

A

a(1-4)

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10
Q

Milk sugar bonds

A

lactose- galactosyl-B(1-4)-glucose

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11
Q

Cellulose bond

A

B(1-4)

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12
Q

digestion of dietary carbs start in mouth by

A

salivary a-amylase

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13
Q

epithelial brush border enzymes

A

degrade oligosaccharides into monosaccharides

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14
Q

The digestion of starch continues in the intestine

A

Digestion by pancreatic enzyme

Digestion by enzymes of intestinal cells

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15
Q

pancreas secrete this in the lumen of the SI, and cleaves a(1-4) linkage

A

pancreatic a-amylase

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16
Q

Major Carb products that enter the stomach

A

dexterins

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17
Q

dextrins are

A

linear branched oligosaccharides

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18
Q

Products of pancreatic a-amylase

A

disaccharides: maltose, isomaltase

trisaccharides

Small oligosaccharides containing a-1,4 and a-1,6 linkages

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19
Q

Sucrase, lactase, isomaltase and glucomylase are produced in —- and located in —-

A

AKA- Complexes of enzymes- produced by intestinal epithelial cell and located in their brush border

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20
Q

Converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

A

sucrase

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21
Q

is an example of B-galactosidase

A

lactase

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22
Q

Latase (B-galactosidase) converts

A

lactose to glucose and galactose

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23
Q

cleaves a-1,6 linkages and releases glucose residues from branched oligosaccharides

A

isomaltase

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24
Q

Glucoamylase is an example of

A

a-glucosidase

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25
Q

cond in w/c lactose can not be digested and is oxidized by bacteria in gut

A

intestinal lactase deficiency

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26
Q

Final products generated by digestion of dietary CHOs

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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27
Q

Dietary fiber

A

indigestible polysaccharides are part of it

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28
Q

linkage associated with indigestible polysaccharides

A

B-1,4 bonds of cellulose

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29
Q

Glucose 2nd act. transport

A

Gluc moves into intestinal epithelial cell on a transport protein along with Na+

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30
Q

Sugars- monosaccharides- are passed into the blood using

A

facilitative transporter

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31
Q

Facilitative transporters for monosaccharides are located on —– side of intestinal cell

A

serosal side of intestinal epithelial cells

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32
Q

Major function of liver

A

maintenance of blood gluc level

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33
Q

Liver produces glucose by

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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34
Q

The largest stores for glycogen are

A

muscle and liver

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35
Q

muscle glycogen

A

APT generation and muscle contraction

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36
Q

Liver glycogen

A

Blood gluc maintenance during fasting and exercise

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37
Q

G-6-P –> G-1P –> UDP-Glucose

Used for:
a-
b-

A

a- glycogen
b- compounds like proteoglycans

utilize G-6-P

38
Q

Major fate of G-6-P

A

enter glycolysis- produce pyruvate and generate NADH and ATP

39
Q

G6p can enters the —— pathway and generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

40
Q

ribose-5-pathway and NADPH are major products of

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

PPp

41
Q

NADPH from PPp

A

reactions such as biosynthesis of fatty acids

42
Q

ribose-5-phosphate from PPp

A

used for nucleotide production

43
Q

furanose

A

5member ring- monosacc

44
Q

pyranose

A

6member ring- monosacc

45
Q

a or B configuration depends on

A

the location of hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon

46
Q

Monosacc ox to

A

acids

47
Q

monosacc red to

A

polyols

48
Q

O-glycosidic bond joins

A

monosacc to for polymers

49
Q

N-glycosidic bonds found in

A

nucleotides

50
Q

monosaccharides are called aldose or ketose based on

A

the most oxidized functional group: aldehyde or ketone

51
Q

stereoisomers

A

same chem formula- diff in position of OH on 1 or more chiral carbon

52
Q

enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images

53
Q

epimers

A

stereoisomers- differ in OH position on ONLY one chiral C

54
Q

Na-independent monosacc transporter

Release from intestinal epith cells into the circulation

A

GLUT-2

55
Q

Na-independent monosacc transporter 1

monosacc uptake from the lumen

A

SGLT1

Glucose and galactose

56
Q

fructose uptake from the intestinal lumen

A

GLUT-5

57
Q

Na-independent monosacc transporter: From lumen into intestinal epithelial cell

A

GLUT-5

Fructose

58
Q

Glucose and galactose uptake from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal epithelial cells

A

SGLT1- Na- dep

59
Q

Glucose transporter in RBCs and BBB

A

GLUT-1

60
Q

Gluc transporter opn the endothelial cells of the brain blood vessels

A

GLUT-1

61
Q

Na-indep glucose transporters

A

GLUT1,2,3,4

62
Q

Main bidirectional gluc transporter in LIVER, KIDNEY and PANCREAS

A

GLUT-2

Na-indep

63
Q

Gluc transporter specific for muscle and adipose

A

GLUT-4

64
Q

The only insulin regulated glucose transporter

A

GLUT-4

65
Q

The only insulin dependent glucose transporters can be found in

A

muscle and adipose
GLUT-4
Na-indep

66
Q

GlUT-2

A

Main bidirectional transporter in liver, kidney and pancreas

67
Q

Carbohydrate absorption takes place in the

A

Small intestine

68
Q

GAGs

A

Glycosaminoglycans

69
Q

Composed of repeating disaccharide units of
1- acidic sugar
and
2- N-acetylated amino dugar

A

GAGs

70
Q

Two acidic sugars found in GAGs

A

glucuronic

iduronic

71
Q

All GAGs are attached to a protein core except

A

Hyaluronic acid

72
Q

All GAGs, except hyaluronic acids are synthesized in

A

Golgi

73
Q

GAGs charge

A

Negative

74
Q

Exception to GAGs charge

A

GAGs negative- sulfated Except hyaluronic acid

75
Q

hyaluronic acid synthesis takes place at

A

plasma membrane

76
Q

The GAG property that conger resistance to tissue under compressive forces

A

“sponge behavior”H2O attracted to the NEGATIVE charge

77
Q

A GAG wo an acidic sugar

A

KERATAN SULFATE

78
Q

A GAG, unsulfated and unattached to a protein core

A

hyaluronic acid

79
Q

heparin

A

GAG- Mast cells

80
Q

heparin sulfate

A

GAG- Basement Membrane and Cell surfaces

81
Q

keratin sulfate

A

GAG- Cartilage and cornea- Dosnt have an acidic sugar

82
Q

dermatan sulfate

A

GAG-skin, blood vessel, heart valves

83
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

GA- cartilage, tendon, ligaments, aorta

84
Q

Proteoglycan

A

protein + at least 1 GAG

85
Q

The linkage region is attached to either ——- or —— of the core protein

A

OH of Ser or Made of Asn

86
Q

trisaccharides linkage

A

Gal-Gal-Xyl

87
Q

{?-?]n–Gal-Gal-Xyl- (Ser or Asn)

A

Two components of Glycosaminoglycan
[ N-acetylated Sugar- Uronic acid ] n
GAG repeating disaccharide

88
Q

Important monosaccharides with a C = O group at C2 (ketoses)

A

fructose (6C)
Xylulose or ribulose (5C)
Dihydroxyacetone (3C)

89
Q

the main path of metabolism of dietary fructose or galactose

A

glycolysis

90
Q

the product of glycolysis in anaerobic tissues such as brain, muscle, GI tract, retina, skin and erythrocytes w/o mitochondria

A

lactate

91
Q

glycolysis in aerobic tissues like heart, liver and kidney

A

glycolyze glucose to pyruvate, convert pyruvate to acetyl coA via PDH and effect complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water using the TCA and ox-phos.

Medical Biochemistry (12 decks)

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