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Cell Biology and Signalling > Carbohydrates (Biological Molecules) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (Biological Molecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Large mol made from monosacc

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2
Q

What is the gen formula of carbs?

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A
  • Energy source

- Broken down to smaller mol in series of reactions releasing energy cell can use to do work

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4
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A
  • Energy storage

- long term storage of glucose

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5
Q

What’s special about cell surface proteins and why is this important?

A
  • Glycosylated = sugars added

- Important aspect of structure as diff glycos species attached to diff mol

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6
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of glycosylated species

A

ABO blood groups

Immunoglobulins

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7
Q

What is the sol of carbs?

A

Water-sol - hydrophilic, polar

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8
Q

What is a triose sugar?

A

Has 3 Cs

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9
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of triose sugars

A

Glyceraldehyde

Dihydroxyacetone

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10
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

Has 5 Cs

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11
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of ribose sugars

A

DNA

RNA

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12
Q

What is a hexose sugar?

A

Has 6 Cs

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13
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of hexose sugar

A

Glucose

Fructose

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14
Q

What are isomers?

A

Have same chem formula but diff structures

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15
Q

What are aldoses?

A

Contain aldehyde group

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16
Q

Give an e.g. of aldose

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What are ketoses?

A

Contain ketone group

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18
Q

Give an e.g. of a ketose

A

Fructose

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19
Q

Which 2 forms/OI do sugars exist in and which form do humans use?

A

D-form + L-form

D

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20
Q

Which C is C1?

A

C of C=O

21
Q

How many hexoses in % in linear form?

A

<1%

22
Q

What is the anomeric C?

A

C of original C=O in cyclic form

23
Q

What is an alpha form of carb?

A

OH group on anomeric C in down pos

24
Q

What is beta form of carb?

A

OH group on anomeric C in up pos

25
Q

Why are alpha/beta forms important?

A

For glycosidic bond formation between sugars

26
Q

What happens to alpha and beta forms in sol?

A

In equilibrium and interconvert

27
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

simplest sugars

28
Q

Give 3 e.g.s of monosacc

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

29
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosacc linked together by glycosidic bond

30
Q

Give 3 e.g.s of disacc and constituents

A

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose (galactose + glucose)

31
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosacc linked together

32
Q

Give e.g. of polysacc and constituent

A

Glycogen (glucose)

33
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Covalent bond between -OH group of 1 sugar + -OH group of next by cond reaction

34
Q

What happens in cond reaction?

A

H2O expelled

35
Q

What is enz involved in glycosidic bond formation?

A

Glycosyltransferase

- involved in formation + breakdown of glycosidic bond

36
Q

Why can’t you have beta 1,4 links in humans?

A

Don’t have enz for their formation/breakdown of cellulose

37
Q

How is the glycosidic bond broken?

A

By hydrolysis

38
Q

What happens during hydrolysis?

A

H2O mol consumed

39
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

One where anomeric C is not attached to another mol

40
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Linear glucose polymer with alpha 1,4 links and alpha 1,6 branches

41
Q

What is adv of branched chains compared to linear chains and what does this allow in the case of glycogen?

A
  • Many ends - free OH groups that can form links to other monosacc/mol for enz to act
  • Linear mol has just one end
  • Rapid breakdown of glycogen
42
Q

How is glycogen digested in diet?

A

1 glucose removed from 1 end and enz act on ends

43
Q

What is salivary alpha amylase?

A

Catalyses random hydrolysis of internal alpha 1,4 links in glycogen during 1st stage of glycogen digestion

44
Q

What is pancreatic alpha amylase?

A

Catalyses further hydrolysis of glycogen into mix of monosacc + disacc in 2nd stage of glycogen digestion

45
Q

What is maltase?

A
  • produces glucose

- absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells in final stage of glycogen digestion

46
Q

What occurs in mobilisation of glycogen in liver?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyses terminal alpha 1,4 link to produce glucose 1-phosphate

47
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Can’t met lactose correctly

48
Q

What normally occurs in small intestine?

A

Lactose converted to galactose + glucose by lactase/Beta galactosidase

49
Q

What causes lactose intolerance?

A
  • red activity of Beta galactosidase
  • undigested lactose
  • gets digested by bacteria in large intestine - excess CO2 + other metabolites
  • cause bloating, diarrhoea etc

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