Carbohydrates Biochem Flashcards by Sania Shaikh

Le bel - van’t Hoff rule

The number of UN symmetrical carbon determine the number of stereoisomers which is equals to 2 raise to n

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Which carbohydrate is an anticoagulant

Heparin

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How much energy does carbohydrates give

4c/gm

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What is anomeric carbon

The carbon derived from the carbonyl group such as aldehyde or ketone group is called as carbonyl carbon it is C1 for glucose and C2 for fructose

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What are isomers

Isomers are the compound which are identical and composition and differ only in configuration

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What are in enantiomers

Enantiomers special types of isomers that are mirror images of each other

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Majority of sugar in the human are of which type L or D

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If the OH group is present on the right side then the sugar is of which type

Dextro rotatory d type

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Why is glucose also called as dextrose

Glucose is also called as dextrose because of its optical activity it rotates its plane of a plane polarised light towards the right side

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What is mutarotation

The phenomenon of change change of rotation which is initial is called as mutarotation

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What is the specific optical rotation of the freshly prepared glucose and what is the equilibrium value

112.2° and 52.7°

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Specific optical rotation of fructose

-92°

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Specific optical rotation of the Alpha glucose

112.2°

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Specific optical rotation of the beta glucose

+18.7°

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Lobry de bruyn -Alberda Van ekenstein rearrangement

Involves the reciprocal interconversion of the carbohydrates into their isomers in an alkaline solution through enediolic intermediate

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The sugars are classified as reducing or non reducing on the basis of what

The present of a free aldehyde or keto group

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The test used to identify the reducing nature of a sugar is

Benedict test, barfoed test or Fehling test

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Oxidation of the aldehyde group of the glucose results in the formation of which acid

Gluconic acid

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The oxidation of the terminal alcoholic group of the carbohydrate results in the formation of which acid

Glucuronic acid

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Examples of homopolysaccharide

Starch ,glycogen , cellulose ,dextrin dextran chitin inulin

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Examples of heteropolysaccharide

Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, keratin sulphate, heparin

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Monosaccharide when treated with the reducing agent get reduced to the corresponding what

Alcohol

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Glucose’ reduce sugar alcohol

Sorbitol

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Galactose reducing alcohol

Dulcitol

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Ribose reducing alcohol

Ribitol

Mannose reducing sugar

Mannitol

Significance of ribitol

Constituent of riboflavin and flavin coenzyme

Use of sorbitol, mannitol and dulcitol

Identification of bacterial colonies. Used as energy source

Forced diuresis is from which sugar

Mannitol

Dehydration of sugars is identified by which test

Molisch test

What agent is used to dehydrate the carbohydrate

Concentrated sulphuric acid

On dehydration monosaccharides give what

Furfurals

What is osazone formation

Phenylhydrazine in acetic acid when boiled with reducing sugars gives osazone

Carbons involved in osazone formation

C1 & C2

Same osazones are of which sugars

Glucose , mannose and fructose Needle shaped

Maltose osazone shape

Sunflower 🌻 shaped

Lactose osazone shape

Powder puff shape

Galactose osazone shape

Rhombic plate shaped

What are deoxy sugars

The sugar in which the oxygen from the oh group has been removed leaving behind the hydrogen is called as deoxy sugar

Which staining can specifically detect deoxyribose in diffuse

Fuelgen

Importance of 2-DG in radiotherapy

2DG enhances the radiation induced the match in the tumor cells selectively while protecting the normal cells does it is used as radio modifier in radio therapy

Why 2DG is used as an epileptic drug ?

It acts by increasing brain derived neurotropic factor, nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor

Targeted optical agent for fluorescence

Fluoro deoxyglucose is used as an optical agent in PET/CT SCAN

2DG as anti- COVID -19 drug

-Oral drug -increased glucose metabolism by aerobic glycolysis fosters the viral replication and cytokine production -reduces the oxygen dependency of the patient

What are amino sugars ?

Sugars containing amino group int her structures are called amino sugars Eg : glucosamine , galactoseamine

Glucosamine is present in ___

Hyaluronic acid & heparin ( heteropolysaccharide)

Galactoseamine is present in _____

Chondroitin sulphate

What is NANA ?

N-acetyl neuraminic acid (A derivative of N acetyl mannosamine and pyruvic acid) Important constituent of glycoprotein and glycolipids

What are glycosides

A compound containing a carbohydrate and a non carbohydrate residue in the same molecule

The non carbohydrate residue in the glycoside is called as

Aglycone

A glycoside containing glucose is called as

Glucoside

Composition of digitonin

Galactose and digitogenin

Aglycone component of digitonin

Steroid : digitogenin

How does digitonin works ?

Digitonin inhibits the sodium pump in the cardiac myocytes thus increasing the intercellular calcium concentration and thus increasing the contractility

Steroid derived from the African shrub

Ouabain

Function of ouabain

Inhibitor of active sodium transport in the heart muscle

Function of phlorizin

Blocks the transport of sugar in the intestinal mucosal cell and renal tubular cell

Glycosidic antibiotics

Erythromycin and azithromycin

Amino glycosidic antibiotics

Streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin

What is glucovallinin

Glucovallinin ( vallinin D glucose) is a natural substance that imparts vanilla flavour

Tetrose ____is an intermediate in HMP shunt pathway

Erythrose 4 phosphate

It is a constituent of lyxoflavin of heart muscle.

Lyxose

The normal random blood glucose level is __ mg/dl.

70 to 140 mg/ml

Galactose on oxidation with hot nitric acid gives

Mucic acid

Mucic acid has a specific ____ shape ..that helps in recognition of galactose

Rod

Which sugar is called fruit sugar

Fructose

Fructose is a constituent of _____

Sucrose and inulin

Fructose is made up of __'__in seminal vesicles

Glucose

Fructose is levorotatory or dextrorotatory

Levorotatory

Mannose is the constituent of ____

Glycoprotein

Sedoheptulose 7 phosphate is an intermediate of

HMP shunt Pathway

Glucose and galactose are epimers with respect to which carbon

Glucose and mannose are epimers with respect to which carbon

Define epimerisation

Interconversion between epimers I.e, from glucose to galactose