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Biomolecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are saccharides?

A

Carbohydrates that are most important in biochemistry.

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2
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymeric carbohydrates made from monomeric units of monosaccharide.

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3
Q

What are the primary sources of energy that power cellular processes?

A

Monosaccharides like glucose and galactose.

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4
Q

What are disaccharides comprised of?

A

Two covalently linked monosaccharide units.

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5
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Short polymeric carbohydrates that form side chains on some proteins.

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6
Q

What is sugar puckering?

A

The three dimensional shape of the sugar on DNA which can adopt either the C2’ - endo or C3’ - endo configuration.

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7
Q

Why does sugar puckering occur?

A

Because the ribose sugar is not planar.

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8
Q

Why do the two pucker configurations have different effects on the conformation of the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

As the 3’ -carbon participates in the phosphodiester bond with the adjacent nucleotide.

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9
Q

What is the structure of monosaccharides?

A

A carbohydrate with at least 3 carbon atoms one of which is attached to a carbonyl group and the others attached to hydroxyl groups

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10
Q

Where is the oxygen found on a glyceraldehyde?

A

On the terminal carbon forming a formyl group which represents an aldehyde group.

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11
Q

Where is the oxygen located on a dihydroxyacetone?

A

On the central atom resulting in a ketone.

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12
Q

What is the shape of D-glyceraldehyde?

A

Tetrahedral.

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13
Q

Do monosaccharides contain a chiral carbon?

A

Yes if they contain four or more carbons.

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14
Q

How many chiral carbons do aldotetroses contain?

A

2

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15
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Molecules that are mirror images of each other and non-supposable.

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16
Q

What is the structure of aldotetroses?

A

2 chiral carbons comprising of two pairs on enantiomers.

17
Q

What are the cyclic forms of five-carbon sugars known as?

A

Furanoses.

18
Q

What is the cyclic form of glucose known as?

A

Pyranoses.

19
Q

What is the link between monosaccharide units in a disaccharide called?

A

An 0-glycosidic bond.

20
Q

Where in the disaccharide is the O-glycosidic bond found?

A

Between the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide and the carbon atoms of another

21
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

When oligosaccharides form side chains with proteins.

22
Q

Where does glycosylation occur?

A

In the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells.

23
Q

What is the name of molecules formed from glycosylation?

A

Glycans.

24
Q

What is the structure of polysaccharides?

A

Cyclic monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds with linear or branched chains.

25
Q

What is the name for a polysaccharide containing identical units?

A

Homopolysaccharide

26
Q

What is the name for a polysaccharide containing different units?

A

Heteroplysaccharide

27
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

A storage polysaccharide

28
Q

How does starch perform its function?

A

By cleaving the monosaccharide units from the ends of the amylose and amylopectin molecules. Only the non-reducing ends are cut back

29
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

A linear D-glucose homoploysaccharide with B(1->4) linkages.

30
Q

Why does a chitin molecule pack more tightly than a cellulose molecule?

A

As the acetyl-amino groups participate in additional hydrogen bonding.

31
Q

Where are heteropolysaccharides found?

A

In the extracellular matrix and bacterial cell walls.

32
Q

What is the function of heteropolysaccharides?

A

To fill spaces between cells and give structure to tissues and organs.

33
Q

What is the function of heteropolysaccharides in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan polysaccharide forms a matrix which encloses the bacterium

34
Q

How does lysozyme protect against bacterial infection?

A

By breaking the B(1->4) links between peptidoglycan monosaccharide units in the bacterial cell wall.

Biomolecules (4 decks)

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