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Biochem > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most basic structural unit of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

What is the simplest monosaccharide?

A

trioses

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3
Q

What are aldoses?

A

carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group

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4
Q

What are ketoses?

A

carbohydrates that contain a ketone group as their most oxidized functional group

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5
Q

Structure of D-fructose

A

google it

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6
Q

Structure of D-glucose

A

google it

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7
Q

Structure of D-galactose

A

google it

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8
Q

Structure of D-mannose

A

google it

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9
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

compounds that have the same chemical formula but differ in spatial arrangement of atoms

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10
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

stereoisomers that are non-identical, nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other

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11
Q

Equation for number of stereoisomers

A

2^n

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12
Q

What are diasteroemers?

A

stereoisomers that are non identical and not mirror images

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13
Q

What are epimers?

A

diastereoisomers that differ in configuration at exactly on chiral center

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14
Q

What is a six membered ring called?

A

furanose

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15
Q

What is a five membered ring called?

A

pyranose

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16
Q

What is an alpha -anomer?

A

when the -OH group of C-1 is trans to the CH2OH group (axial and down)

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17
Q

What is a beta-anomer?

A

when then -OH group of C-1 is cis to the CH2OH group (equatorial and up)

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18
Q

What is mutarotation?

A

spontaneous change of configuration about C-1 and is catalyzed with acid or base; results in a mixture of both alpha and beta anomers

19
Q

What are aldonic acids?

A

oxidized aldoses

20
Q

What are lactones?

A

a cyclic ester with a carbonyl group

21
Q

What are two reagents used to test the presence of a reducing sugar?

A

Tollen’s reagent and Benedict’s reagent

22
Q

What is Tollen’s reagent?

A

silver nitrate + NaOH –> silver oxide + ammonia –> Tollen’s reagent

23
Q

How does Benedict’s reagent work?

A

aldehyde group of aldose is readily oxidized and a red precipitate is formed

24
Q

What is tautomerization?

A

refers to the rearrangement of bonds in a compound, usually moving a hydrogen, and forming a double bond

25
Q

What is an enol?

A

a compound with a double bond and alcohol group

26
Q

What is an alditol?

A

when the aldehyde group of an aldose is reduced to an alcohol

27
Q

What is a deoxy sugar?

A

contains a hydrogen that replaces a hydroxyl group on the sugar

28
Q

What is phosphorylation of glucose?

A

metabolic reaction of glycolysis in which a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, thus phosphorylating glucose while forming ADP

29
Q

What is the difference between esterification and glycoside formation?

A

Esterification is the reaction by which a hydroxyl group reacts with either a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid derivative to form an ester; glycoside formation refers to the reaction between an alcohol and a hemiactal/ketal group on a sugar to yield an alkoxy group

30
Q

Do carbs get oxidized or reduced?

A

oxidized

31
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

glycosidic bonds formed between hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharides

32
Q

Structure of sucrose

A

google it

33
Q

Structure of lactose

A

google it

34
Q

Structure of maltose

A

google it

35
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds

36
Q

What is a polysaccharide made entirely of glucose?

A

homopolysaccharide

37
Q

What is cellulose?

A

homopolysaccharide - a chain of beta-D-glucose molecules linked by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds, with hydrogen bonds holding the actual polymer chains together for support

38
Q

What are starches?

A

polysaccharides that are more digestible by humans because they are linked alpha-D-glucose monomers

39
Q

What is amylose?

A

linear glucose polymer linked via alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds (plants store starch as this)

40
Q

What reagent tests for the presence of starch?

A

iodine

41
Q

What does beta-amylase do?

A

cleaves amaylose at the nonreducing end of the polymer (the end with the acteal) to yield maltose

42
Q

What does alpha-amylase do?

A

cleaves randomly along the chain to yield shorter polysaccharide chains, maltose and glucose

43
Q

What is glycogen?

A

carbohydrate storage for animals -

44
Q

What is glycogen phosphorylase?

A

functions by cleaving glucose from the nonreducing end of a glycogen branch and phosphorylating it, thereby producing glucose 1-phosphate

Biochem (8 decks)

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