Carbohydrates

Question 1

Classification of Monosaccharides :

Answer 1

---->By Carbon numbers
3 - Triose
4 - tetrose
5 - Pentose
6 - Hexose

—->By Functional group
Aldehyde - Glucose , ribose and galactose
Ketone - ketose

Question 2

Glucose level in the blood:

Answer 2

The glucose level in the blood must be maintained constant, between 60% to 100% in our blood.
* Hypoglycemia – low level of glucose in the blood – may cause to coma and death.
* Hyperglycemia – high level of glucose in the blood – may cause to body difficulties and weakness, Also, to thirst and frequent peeing and weight loss.
*Diabetes Mellitus – strikes 12% of the population (according to statistics up to 50% of the population of
first world countries might have Diabetes Mellitus some point in their life).

Question 3

Disaccharides Bonded by Glycosidic Bond:

Answer 3

1. Sucrose – called table sugar (glucose-fructose).
2. Maltose – called animal sugar because it’s found in meat (glucose-glucose).
3. Lactose – called milk sugar because it’s found in milk products (glucose-galactose).
4. Cellobiose - (𝛽-glucose - 𝛽-glucose - indigestible).

Question 4

Polysaccharides:

Answer 4

1. Glycogen – made of 1200 𝛼-glucose. Animal sugar.
2. Starch – made of 1200 𝛼-glucose. Plant sugar. Up to 60%-80% of the human diet.
3. Cellulose – made of 1500 𝛽-glucose (indigestible by humans) – increases intestinal peristatic
   movement. Thus, helps prevent colon cancer.

Question 5

Important to remember about Carbohydrates:

Answer 5

• Starch is synthesised by plants.
• Carbohydrate can be converted into fats.
• Dissociation of sucrose will yield ketone and aldehyde (fructose and glucose).

Question 6

About the liver and glycogen:

Answer 6

Glycogen is found in the liver and skeletal muscles. Glycogen is an energy source to anaerobic exercises.
The liver stacks glycogen so it could digest it in order to maintain a constant level of glucose in the body.
When the body is well fed, it stores the extra Glycogen, and after 4 hours when the body is starved, its
digest it. In cases of extreme starvation, the liver will “gluconeogenesis”, which means it will digest other
organs, cells, and tissues of the body so it could maintain the right glucose level in the body.