carbohydrates Flashcards
what elements do carbs contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what are the monomers of carbohydrates
- an example
monosaccharides
- eg glucose
what are the dimers of carbohydrates
- an example
disaccharides
- maltose
what are the polymers of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
- cellulose
what are the bonds between carbohydrate molecules
glycosidic
what are 3 functions of carbohydrates
energy storage, energy supply, structure in organisms
what is the general formula for carbohydrate monomers
Cn(H2)0n
define pentose, hexose and triose, furanose
- an example of each
pentose
carbon ring of 5 carbons
ribose
hexose
carbon ring of 6 carbons
glucose
triose
carbon ring of 3 carbons
glyceraldehyde
furanose - carbon ring of 4 carbons
draw an a glucose, a b glucose and a ribose
drawwwwww plssssssss or u fail
draw a simplified a glucose and a b glucose
I beg u pls for me
define isomer
two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms
describe the difference between a glucose and b glucose
a glucose: hydroxyl group on first carbon is below
b glucose: hydroxyl group on first carbon is above
compare between glucose and ribose:
- no. of carbons
- polar?
- hydro…
- group name
- formula
glucose ribose
6 5
yes yes
philic philic
hexose pentose
C6H12O6 C5H10O5
3 examples of disacharides and water monomers they are composed
maltose
- a glucose + a glucose
sucrose
- a glucose + fructose
lactose
- a glucose + galactose
functions of maltose, sucrose and lactose
where each one is found
maltose:
- found in the intestines
- produced by breakdown of amylose - each seed germination
sucrose:
- found in phloem
- used to transport glucose
lactose
- found in milk
draw the condensation reaction that joins two molecules of glucose
draw with urrr haaaaands
1-4 glycosidic bond
where is the molecule of water from?
draw hydrolysis of maltose
- describe how it happens and why water is needed
- the 2 hydrogen and oxygen is needed to break the bond and finish the H and hydroxyl group on the end
why does a glucose bond to form starch
why does b glucose bond to form cellulose
starch:
- the hydroxyl group on the first carbon is below the molecule. this is the same as on the 4th carbon,
- this straight chain then coils to form a helical monomer of starch
cellulose:
- b glucose bonds to make straight monomers.
- the hydroxyl group on the first carbon is above the molecule. the hydroxyl group on the 4th carbon is below. they are too far away to bond so one molecule flips over
- this causes straight chain monomers called cellulose
what are the 2 polysaccharides of starch called
- amylose
- amylopectin
functions of starch, cellulose and glycogen
starch
broken down to glucose for respiration
cellulose
structural support in cell walls
glycogen
energy storage
what is glycogen (vv brief)
the equivalent to starch in animals and fungi
describe the structure of cellulose
b glucose bonds, forming a straight chain monomer.
- this is a microfibril
- microfibrils join to form macrofibril. joined by pectin
macrofibrils join to form cellulose
- join with hydrogen bonds
- high tensile strength
- permeable to water
- supports plant cells
-
relate the structural properties to the functions of starch, cellulose and glycogen
starch:
helix = compact, can fit lots in a small space
insoluble = doesn’t affect water potential, doesn’t diffuse
(branched)
cellulose: strong insoluble permeable to water resistant to hydrolysis
all these features are essential as cellulose forms the plant cell wall
glycogen:
helix
insoluble
very branched - more ends to have condensation / hydrolysis. rapidly to support highly active animal cells
