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Nutrition Exam 3 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the recommended RDA for adults?

A

130 g/day

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2
Q

4 kcal/g

A

amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celcius

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3
Q

What are some sources of sugars?

A

fruit, soda, dairy products, candy, juice, honey

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4
Q

What are some sources of starch?

A

bread, potatoes, rice, corn, peas

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5
Q

What is the definition of natural sugar?

A

sugar that is found as part of food in nature

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6
Q

What are some examples of natural sugars?

A

lactose in milk

glucose and fructose in fruit, honey, etc.

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7
Q

What is the definition of added sugars?

A

natural sugars not found naturally in that particular food

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8
Q

What are some examples of added sugars?

A

high fructose corn syrup

sucrose in soda

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9
Q

What are some examples of whole grains?

A

buckwheat, bulgar, corn, millet, brown, rice, rye, oats, sorghum, wheat and wile rice

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10
Q

Endosperm = ?

A

starch

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11
Q

germ = ?

A

oil

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12
Q

Bran = ?

A

insoluble fiber

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13
Q

What is the definition of whole grains?

A

the starchy endosperm, germ and bran that are present in the same relative proportions as they would be seen in the intact grain

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14
Q

When fasting, what is the normal blood glucose?

A

70-99 mg/dL

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15
Q

When fasting, what is a diabetic blood glucose?

A

greater than 125 mg/dL

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16
Q

What is blood glucose regulated by?

A

peptide hormones (insulin and glucagon)

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17
Q

Describe what happens when there is high blood glucose.

A
  1. pancreas shuttles glucose from blood to the muscle and adipose cells, stimulating production of GLUT 4
  2. blood glucose decreases back to normal
  3. eating carbs raises blood glucose
  4. start the cycle again
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18
Q

What does the normal cell do with glucose?

A
  1. insulin binds to the insulin receptor
  2. IRS-1 is recruited to the receptor
  3. IRS-1 begins a signal transduction cascade to tell the golgi complex to make GLUT-4
  4. GLUT-4 is translocated from the golgi complex to the plasma membrane
  5. glucose is able to enter muscle and adipcytes for use or storage
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19
Q

What does the insulin resistant muscle cell do with glucose?

A
  1. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor
  2. IRS-1 is recruited to the receptor
  3. excess inflammation (CRP-1) abnormally phosphorylates IRS-1, causing it not to signal properly
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20
Q

What does insulin tell the cell to do (depending on how much glucose there is)?

A

(least amount of glucose) use glucose for ATP
store glucose as glycogen in liver and muscles
(most amount of glucose) turn into adipose tissue

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21
Q

What happens when there is low blood glucose?

A
  1. Alpha cells from pancreas release glucagon
  2. glycogen gets broken down into glucose
  3. this stimulates glucocorticoids that inhibit glucose uptake by cells
  4. stimulates gluconeogenesis (AA–>glucose)
  5. increases glucose in blood to normal
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22
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

when the blood glucose is persistently too high

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23
Q

What are the different types of hyperglycemia?

A

prediabetic, diabetic

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A

frequent urination, dehydration, thirst

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25
Q

Why is frequent urination a symptom of hyperglycemia?

A

the kidneys can’t resorb all the glucose and it end up in the urine and it pulls a lot of water with it

26
Q

Describe Type 1 diabetes.

A

insulin dependent, autoimmune disorder, need insulin injections

27
Q

Describe Type 2 diabetes.

A

insulin independent, GLUT 4 problems, cause by poor diet and sedentary lifestyle, can be fixed by losing weight and eating healthier

28
Q

When recommending lifestyle changes,

A

jmk,

29
Q

How do you determine how many other carbs you are getting?

A

total carbohydrates - dietary fiber - sugar = other carb

30
Q

Which kind of carbohydrate does NOT increase blood glucose?

A

dietary fiber

31
Q

What are the different outcomes for glucose in the blood?

A

liver glycogen, kidney, other tissues for glycolysis, stored as fat, muscle glycogen

32
Q

What is glycogen?

A

the storage form of carbs in mammals

33
Q

What is the liver’s role in glucose maitenence?

A

reglulates blood glucose

34
Q

How much time passes for the liver to be completely depleted of glycogen?

A

15 hour fast

35
Q

What happens to the glycogen in the liver after 1 hour of aerobic activity?

A

50% of it is used

36
Q

How much glycogen fills the liver?

A

400kcal or 100g

37
Q

What does muscle do with glycogen?

A

uses it for excercise, can be doubled in trained muscles

38
Q

What happens to glycogen once it enters the muscle?

A

it cannot be released from muscle once it is phosphorylated

39
Q

How much glycogen can an untrained muscle hold?

A

350g or 1400kcal

40
Q

How are proteins used in creating energy?

A

amino acids –> pyruvate –> acetyl CoA –> Krebs cycle, ETC–>CO2, H2O, ATP

41
Q

How are carbs used in creating energy?

A

glucose –> pyruvate –> acetyl CoA –> Krebs cycle, ETC –> CO2, H2O, ATP

42
Q

How are lipids used in creating energy?

A

glycerol –> pyruvate –> acetyl CoA –> Krebs, ETC –> CO2, H2O, ATP

OR

FA–> acetyl CoA–> Krebs, ETC –> CO2, H2O, ATP

43
Q

How does adipose turn into glucose?

A

Triglycerides –> glycerol–> blood stream–> glucose

44
Q

How does the muscle contribute to glucose creation in the liver?

A

protein –> glucogenic AA –> alanine–> blood stream–> glucose

OR

glycogen–>pyruvate–>lactate–>blood stream–> glucose

OR

glycogen–> pyruvate–>glucogenic AA–> alanine

OR

glycogen–> pyruvate–> blood stream–>glucose

45
Q

What is the general role of carbs in the body?

A

fuel activity, spare protein

46
Q

What kind of energy contributes to low intensity exercise?

A

lipids more than carbs

47
Q

What kind of energy contributes to moderate intensity exercise?

A

carbs more than lipids

48
Q

What kind of energy contributes to high intensity exercise?

A

carbs way more than lipids

49
Q

Why are carbs preferred during high intensity exercise?

A

carbs are more efficient because they require less oxygen

50
Q

How do endurance trained muscles differ from untrained muscles?

A

increase capacity for carb use
increases fat burning
store more glycogen in muscle
muscle glycogen synthesis is twice as fast in trained muscle

51
Q

During exercise hypoglycemia, what decreases?

A

insulin so there is an increase in glucose transport into muscle cells

52
Q

During exercise hypoglycemia, what increases?

A

GLUT 4 receptors, epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol

53
Q

Why is GLUT 4 increased during exercise?

A

increases glucose transport into muscle

54
Q

Why is epinephrine increased during exercise?

A

promotes liver glycogen breakdown

55
Q

Why is glucagon increased during exercise?

A

promotes liver glycogen breakdown and stimulates gluconeogenesis

56
Q

Why is cortisol increased during exercise?

A

promotes muscle breakdown for gluconeogenesis

57
Q

When can you experience dizziness and partial breakout?

A

when the body is using more blood glucose than muscle glycogen

58
Q

During exercise (after a while), where do you get glucose from?

A

liver glycogen and gluconeogenesis

59
Q

During aerobic exercise, what makes the muscle fatigue?

A

low muscle glycogen stores

60
Q

During anaerobic exercise, what makes the muscle fatigue?

A

low muscle glycogen stores, lactic acid production

61
Q

Who carb loads?

A

swimmers, bicyclists, triathletes, marathoners, cross-country skiers

Nutrition Exam 3 (3 decks)

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