carbohydrates

Question 1

insulin will stimulate (3 things)

Answer 1

Protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis

Question 2

what closes k+ channels and stimulates insulin release

Answer 2

sulfonylureas (e.g. glipizide, glyburide). used for type 2 diabetics.

Question 3

GLUT1

Answer 3

red blood cell, brain endothelia cells; high affinity

Question 4

GLUT2

Answer 4

Liver cells, pancreas cells; low affinity

Question 5

GLUT3

Answer 5

neurons

Question 6

GLUT4

Answer 6

fat, muscle, heart cells; insulin induced

Question 7

GLUT5

Answer 7

testis; fructose transporter

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

glucose + galactose

Question 9

Sucrose

Answer 9

glucose + fructose

Question 10

Maltose

Answer 10

glucose + glucose

Question 11

fates of glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 11

1. glycogen synth (glycogen)
2. glycolysis (pyruvate–lactate and TCA)
3. gluconeogenesis (phosphatase in liver) making glucose
4. pentose phosphate pathway (ribose and NADPH)

Question 12

glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 12

breaks off one glucose from glycogen and adds phosphate to it. contains pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) (cont pyridoxine B6)

Question 13

von Gierke’s disease

Answer 13

Glycogen storage disorder; glucose-6 phosphatase; liver

within few months of birth severe hypoglycemia, epinephrine secretion -> stim fatty acid -> incr fatty acid prod in liver

Question 14

McArdle’s disease

Answer 14

glycogen storage disorder; muscle glycogen phosphorylase; skeletal muscle

exercise induced cramps, muscle pain. typ diagnosed in 2nd to 3rd decade of life due to exercise intolerance

Question 15

Herr’s disease

Answer 15

glycogen storage disease; liver glycogen phosphorylase; liver

Question 16

precursors for glucose in gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

Lactate to pyruvate (lactate dehydrogenase),
alanine to pyruvate (alanine aminotransferase),
glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP but first through glycerol 3-phosphate)

Question 17

pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Answer 17

pyruvate to oxaloacetate with pyruvate carboxylase (mitochondia), oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (cytoplasm).

to get oxaloacetate out of mitochondria, convert to malate or aspartate in malate aspartate transfer thing

Question 18

PPP isomerase

Answer 18

converts ribulase 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate

Question 19

PPP transketolase

Answer 19

transfers 2C keto units and is dependent on Thiamine (B1) by virtue of TPP

Question 20

PPP transaldolase

Answer 20

transfers 3C keto units and uses lysine for nucleophilic attack on aldehyde (not tpp dep

Question 21

these cause hemolytic anemia in G-6-P DH deficiency patients

Answer 21

sulfa drugs, antimalarials, antipyretics, certain infections, fava beans

Question 22

fructosuria

Answer 22

fructokinase deficiency: benign

Question 23

fructosemia

Answer 23

aldolase B deficiency: hypoglycemia

F-1-P inhib glyconenolysis (phosphorylase) and aldolase A, but aldo B can’t prod enough glycolysis

Question 24

galactosemia

Answer 24

deficiency in galactose 1-P uridylytransferases. excess galactose appears in urine. results in cataracts and mental retardation.

galactose 1-P uridylytransferase moves UDP from UDP-gluc to galactose 1-P. (UDP-galactose converted to UDP-glucose by UDP-galactose-4-epimerase)