Carbohydrates

Question 1

3 Main types of Carbohydrates in our diet?

Answer 1

Starch 60%, Sucrose 30%, Lactose 10%

Question 2

All naturally occurring sugars are:

Answer 2

D isomers

Question 3

Starches are all polymers of

Answer 3

alpha-D glucose

Question 4

Starches have two structural types:

Answer 4

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 5

Amylose contains which types of bonds?

Answer 5

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds “Linear”

Question 6

Amylopectin contains which types of bonds?

Answer 6

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds “For branching”

Question 7

Starches are mixtures of

Answer 7

15% Amylose and 85% Amylopectin

Question 8

Reducing end

Answer 8

Unlinked anomeric position

Question 9

non-reducing end

Answer 9

Unlinked 4 position

Question 10

why is cellulose indigestible to humans?

Answer 10

we do not have a beta-1-4 glycosidic enzyme

Question 11

In glucose which carbon is termed the anomeric carbon?

Answer 11

1st carbon because it is an aldehyde

Question 12

In Fructose which carbon is termed the anomeric carbon?

Answer 12

2nd carbon because it is a ketone

Question 13

define anomeric carbon

Answer 13

carbon of the carbonyl which becomes assymetric

Question 14

what are the products of salivary alpha 1-4 amylase on amylose?

Answer 14

Maltose, maltotriose, oligosaccharides

Question 15

what are the products of salivary alpha 1,4 amylase on amylopectin?

Answer 15

alpha dextrin, maltotriose, maltose

Question 16

Which Carbohydrates are digested during the luminal phase of intestinal digestion?

Answer 16

Starches “Amylose and Amylopectin” and Glycogen

Question 17

Which Carbohydrates are digested during the Membrane phase of intestinal digestion?

Answer 17

lactose, sucrose, maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins

Question 18

Which glucose transporter is sodium dependent? SGLT-1 or GLUT-2

Answer 18

SGLT-1 “Active Transport”

Question 19

Which transporter would fructose use to enter the enterocyte?

Answer 19

GLUT-5 “has a high affinity for fructose”

Question 20

Which transporter would galactose use to enter the enterocyte?

Answer 20

SGLT-1

Question 21

Which transporter would glucose use to enter the enterocyte?

Answer 21

SGLT-1 and GLUT-5 to a small extent due to GLUT-5’s higher affinity for Fructose transport

Question 22

Which uses active transport and which uses facilitated diffusion? SGLT-1 and GLUT-5,GLUT-2

Answer 22

SGLT-1= active transport GLUT-5 and GLUT-2= facilitated diffusion

Question 23

Which tissues would have a high concentration of GLUT-1?

Answer 23

Red blood cells and blood brain barrier because it is expressed in cell types with barrier functions.

Question 24

Which tissues would have a high concentration of GLUT-2?

Answer 24

Liver, pancreatic beta cells, contraluminal membrane of intestinal epithelial cells.

Question 25

What is a unique characteristic of GLUT-2 transport proteins?

Answer 25

They accept all 3 monosaccharides

Question 26

Which tissues would have a high concentration of GLUT-3?

Answer 26

Brain “neurons” because it is a major transporter in the CNS.

Question 27

Which tissues would have a high concentration of GLUT-4?

Answer 27

Adipose tissue, Skelatal muscle and heart muscle because it is an insulin- sensitive receptor.

Question 28

Which tissues would have a high concentration of GLUT-5?

Answer 28

Intestinal epithelial cells and sperm. “transports Fructose”.

Question 29

Which tissues would have a high concentration of SGLT-1?

Answer 29

Intestinal epithelial cells

Question 30

Which tissues would have a high concentration of SGLT-2?

Answer 30

Kidney “tubular epithelial cells”