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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Simpliest carbohydrate

A

Glycol aldehyde

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2
Q

Only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Where does 2/3 of glucose utilization occurs?

A

CNS

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4
Q

Products generated by glucose metabolism?

A

Pyruvic acid, lactic acid and acetylcoenzyme-A

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5
Q

What does complete oxidation of glucose yield?

A

Water, carbon dioxide and ATP

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6
Q

Most common non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

Nonreducing sugar do not contain

A

Active ketone or aldehyde group

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8
Q

It is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Why is pancreas an endocrine gland?

A

Because it secrets hormones like insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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10
Q

Why is pancreas an exocrine gland?

A

Because it secretes amylase which is responsible for the breakdown of ingested carbohydrate complexes

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11
Q

Only hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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12
Q

Insulin relationship with glucagon

A

Reciprocal

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13
Q

Where is insulin synthesized?

A

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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14
Q

In presence of hemolysis, insulin is

A

Falsely decreased

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15
Q

Major hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon

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16
Q

Where is glucagon synthesized?

A

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

17
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

During stress and fasting states (because glucose is decreased)

18
Q

Fasting plasma glucagon concentration

A

25-50pg/mL

19
Q

Hormone secreted by the zone fasciculata and zona reticularis of tje adenal cortex, which decrease intestinal entry of glucose into the cell, promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids

20
Q

Released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medilla that inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Catecholamines

21
Q

Secreted of the anterior pituitary gland that decreases entry of glucose into the cell promoting glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Growth hormone (somatotrophic)

22
Q

Protes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesos and intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroid hormones

23
Q

It stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex and promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

ACTH

24
Q

It is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and primarily inhibits the action of insulin, GH and glucacon

A

Somatostatin

25
Q

An increase in blood glucose concentration

A

Hyperglycemia

Note: it is toxic to the beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

26
Q

What are the causes of hyperglycemia?

A

Stress, severe infection, dehydration, pregnancy, pancreatectomy, hemochromatosis, insulin deficiency or abnormal insulin receptors

27
Q

FBS level to confirm hyperglycemia

A

Greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL

28
Q

Period of plateu occurs when

A

The glucose reaches 300-500 mg/dL in the presence of normal renal function

29
Q

Sodium concentration in hyperglycemia

A

Lower ir decreased due to polyuria

30
Q

It results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production, and involves decreased glucose levels

A

Hypoglycemia

31
Q

Diagnosis of hypoglycemia must meet the criteria of

A

Whipple’s Triad

32
Q

What is the whipple’s triad?

A

Low blood glucose levels, typical symptoms, alleviated symptoms due to glucose administration

33
Q

Diagnostic test for hypoglycemia?

A

5-hour OGTT

34
Q

Glucose concentration where glucagon and other hyperglycemic hormones are released into the circulation?

A

65-70 mg/dL

35
Q

Concentration of Random Fasting Serum which strongly suggest hypoglycemia?

A

Lower than or equal to 60mg/dL

36
Q

Glucose concentration where in the observable symptoms of hypoglycemia occurs?

A

50-55mg/dL

37
Q

Decreased glucose level in the brain and CNS?

A

Neuroglycopenia

38
Q

Hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on he location of the CO functional group

A

Carbohydrates

Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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