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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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0
Q

Carbohydrates are stored as:

A

Glycogen - liver and muscle

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1
Q

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for:

A

Brain, Erythrocytes and Retinal Cells

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2
Q

Disease for Carbohydrates:

A

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

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3
Q

The pathway of glucose:

Metabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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4
Q

The pathway of glucose:

Formation of G6P from noncarbohydrate source

A

Gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

The pathway of glucose:

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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6
Q

The pathway of glucose:

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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7
Q

The pathway of glucose:

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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8
Q

The pathway of glucose:

Decomposition of fats

A

Lipolysis

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9
Q

Responsible for glucose maintainance

A

Organs - liver, pancreas and other endocrine glands ( pituitary, adrenal, thyroid )

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10
Q

Site of production of insulin & glucagon

A

Pancreas

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11
Q

Hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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12
Q

Primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose level

A

Glucagon

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13
Q

Hormone responsible for the entry kf glucose to the cell

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

Synthesized by the Alpha Cells

A

Glucagon

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16
Q

Synthesized by the Beta Cells

A

Insulin

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17
Q

Hormone found in the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

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18
Q

Released during stress and fasting

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

Increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, increases glycogenolysis and promotes lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

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20
Q

Hormone found in the adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol

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21
Q

Stimulated by ACTH, increases plasma glucose by decreasing intestinal entry to the cell and increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

A

Cortisol

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22
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

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23
Q

Stimulated by decreased glucose, inhibited by increased glucose, increases glucose by decreasing entry of glucose into the cell and increases glycolysis

A

Growth hormone

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24
Q

Glucose concentration is inversely proportional to ______________

A

Growth Hormone

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25
Q

Inversely proportional to cortisol level; conversion of glycogen to glucose; promoting gluconeogenesis

A

ACTH

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26
Q

Increases plasma glucose; increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; from thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine

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27
Q

Inhibit insulin, glucagon, growth hormone; may increase or decreaae glucose level

A

Somatostatin

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28
Q

Increased plasma glucose

A

Hyperglycemia

29
Q

Metabolic disorder; defect in insulin secretion, insulin action

A

Diabetes Mellitus

30
Q

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 1
Type 2
Other specific type of DM
Gestational DM

31
Q

Laboratory findings of Hyperglycemia

A

Increase in glucose in plasma and urine, specific gravity; ketones in serum and urine; decrease in blood and urine pH; electrolyte imbalance

32
Q

Normal FBS

A

70-110

33
Q

Pancreatic islet B cell destruction

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

34
Q

Insulin secretion deficiency

A

Insulinopenia

35
Q

Found in children or adolescent

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

36
Q

Initiated by environmental factor or infection

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

37
Q

Abrupt onset

A

Type 1 D.M.

38
Q

Insulin dependent

A

Type 1 DM

39
Q

Ketosis prone

A

Type 1 DM

40
Q

Conditions of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A 
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Hyperventilation
Mental confusion
Loss of consciousness
41
Q

Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Neuropathy
Heart disease
Nephropathy
Retinopathy

42
Q

Insulin resistant

A

Type 2 DM

43
Q

Found in obese patients

A

Type 2 DM

44
Q

Down Syndrome & Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Genetic defect

45
Q

Pancreatic Disease

A

Other specific type of DM

46
Q

Drugs and Chemicals

A

Dilantin and Pentamidine
Thiazides
Glucocorticoid

47
Q

Rare form, inherited & autosomal dominant

A

Maturity onset diabetes of youth

48
Q

Recognized during pregnancy

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

49
Q

Effects on the baby during GDM

A

Respiratory distress
Hypocalcemia
Hyperbilirubinemia

50
Q

No known etiology; strongly inherited

A

Idiopathic Type 1 Diabetes

51
Q

Intermediate stage

A

Impaired Fasting Glucose

52
Q

Disease of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Glucosuria

53
Q

BMI in DM

A

> 25

54
Q

Risk factors of DM

A 
Physically inactive 
Family history 
High risk population (ethnicity) 
History of GDM 
Hypertension 
High density lipoprotein
55
Q

Criteria for DM

A

RPG >200 mg/dL
Fasting >126 mg/dL
OGTT >200

56
Q

OGTT

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

57
Q

Criteria for GDM

A 
Age >25 yrs. 
overweight
Family history
History of abnormal glucose metabolism
Glucosuria
PCOS
Ethnic group
58
Q

PCOS

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

59
Q

Impaired fasting glucose

A

> 100 FBG

<126 mg/dL

60
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance

A

2hr OGTT >140 mg/dL

61
Q

GDM

A

FPG >140 mg/dL
3hr OGTT - 100g > 130 mg/dL
1hr postload - 50g

62
Q

Fasting

A

> 95

1hr: >180
2hr: >155
3hr: >140

63
Q

Decrease in plasma glucose

A

Hypoglycemia

64
Q

Observable symptom of Hypoglycemia

A

50-55 mg/dL

65
Q

Diagnostic Hyperglycemia

A

<50 mg/dL

66
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A 
Increased hunger
Sweating 
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness 
Nervousness
Shaking 
Blurring of speech & sight 
Mental confusion
67
Q

FPG

A

Pre diabetes 126
Impaired 100-125
DM >126

68
Q

OGTT

A

Normal 200
Impaired 140-199
DM >200

69
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

RBS >200
FBS >126
24 PP >200

70
Q

Metabolic, hormonal change

A

GDM

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