Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is a monomer?
A monomer is a small identical molecule which can be condensed to make larger molecules
What is a Polymer?
Polymers are large molecules made from joining 3 or more identical monomers together.
Monomers are linked by what reaction?
Condensation reaction which joins two monomer units together with the removal of one water molecule which forms a bond
How are polymers broken down into their monomer units?
A hydrolysis reaction involving the addition of one water molecule which breaks the bond between two monomer units
What bond is formed between two glucose molecules?
Glycosidic bond
What bond is formed between two amino acids ?
Peptide bond
What bond is formed between DNA/RNA monomers?
Phosphodiester
What is the ratio of H:O in a carbohydrate?
2:1
What is the generic formula for a carbohydrate when n = 3 to 7?
(CH2O)n
Carbohydrate monomers are called?
Carbohydrate polymers are called?
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
What is a disaccharide?
A molecule formed from two monosaccharides via a condensation reaction, the removal of one water molecule and the formation of a glycosidic bond.
Chemical formula for glucose?
What are the other sugar isomers called?
C6H12O6
Galactose and Glucose
Draw an ALPHA) α-Glucose molecule
What is often present in a hydrolysis and condensation reaction?
An Enzyme
When drawing condensation reactions what should I always remember to draw?
A water molecule
What forms maltose?
Monomers:Glucose + glucose
Bond: glycosidic
Hydrolysis enzyme: maltase
What forms Lactose?
Monomers: glucose + galactose
Bond: glycosidic
Hydrolysis enzyme: lactase
What forms sucrose?
Monomer: glucose + fructose
Bond: glycosidic
Hydrolysis enzyme: sucrase
What can the monosaccharides after a hydrolysis reaction be used for?
These can be absorbed and assimilated by the body
for example: as respiratory substrates during respiration or used to make
components of cell membranes.
What are sugars?
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
M: glucose, galactose and fructose
D: maltose, lactose and sucrose
What are the two groups of polysaccharides?
Storage (starch and glycogen)
Structural (cellulose)
A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to its function in cells.
-Compact
-occupies a small space/ volume
-tightly packed
What features of starch makes it good for storage?
-compact
-does not affect water potential
-occupies a small space
Structure of Starch:
Branched chains of alpha glucose molecules with Carbon 1:4 ()or Carbon 1:4 and Carbon 1:6 () glycosidic bonds
How does starch being insoluble make it a good storage molecule?
Does not affect water potential
Amylose Structure:
Amylopectin structure:
What feature stops starch from diffusing outside of cells
It is a large molecule
Where is Glycogen found?
Only in animals
Structure of glycogen:
Differences between glycogen and starch:
Where is glycogen stored?
Muscles and liver
Why is glycogen more rapidly hydrolysed into glucose than starch?
More short chains lead to glycogen
being more rapidly hydrolysed into
glucose used in respiration.
Why do animals need faster hydrolysis of glycogen than plants hydrolysis of starch?
Animals need glucose at a faster rate because they a mobile and need glucose to be used in aerobic respiration to transfer energy for movement.
What feature of glycogen prevents it from diffusing outside of cells?
It is a large highly branched molecule.
It is insoluble
