Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

where is the carbonyl bond for aldehydes?

A

C1

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2
Q

where is the carbonyl bond for ketones?

A

C2

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3
Q

how do you find out the number of OH groups in a monosaccharide?

A

OH = N - 1

  • N = # of carbons
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4
Q

What is a tautomer?

A

two structures with the same atomic position, which differ only in the position of their H atoms and double bonds

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5
Q

what are constitutional isomers?

A

same molecular formula but different connectivity of their atoms

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6
Q

what is a chiral compound?

A

a mirror image of a structure that is non-superimposable
- carbon with 4 different constituents attached

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7
Q

what is a stereoisomer?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula and the same connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement (3D)

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8
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

a type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

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9
Q

what are diastereomers?

A

Diastereomers are a type of stereoisomer that are not mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed

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10
Q

where is carbon 1 labled from?

A

the carbon closests to the double bond

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11
Q

what classifies if a sugar is D or L?

A

if the chiral carbon furthest away from from the carbonyl group has it OH group on the right or left

right = D sugar
left = L sugar

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12
Q

what is the equation figure out the number of stereoisomers a compound has?

A

2 ^n

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13
Q

what is an empimer?

A

strucures that differ in configuration only around ONE carbon

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14
Q

what compounds form a hemiacetal?

A

alcohol + aldehyde

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15
Q

what is an anomeric carbon?

A

A carbon that goes from achiral to chiral following the transition to a cyclic structure

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16
Q

what kind of sugars will readily form ring structures? (how many carbons do they need)

A

Aldotetroses (4C) and higher
ketotetoses (4C) and higher

17
Q

will a triose form a ring?

A

No, it must be at least 4C

18
Q

what compounds form a hemiketal?

A

Alcohol + Ketone

19
Q

how many C is furan? what type of ring does it form?

A

4C forming a 5-membered ring including oxygen

20
Q

how many C is pyran? what type of ring does it form?

A

5C ring forming a 6-membered ring including oxygen

21
Q

For a cyclic hemiacetal of an aldopentose pyranose ring explain:

1) what membered ring
2) where the carbonyl C would be
3) which C will attack the carbonyl

A

1) 5 C with a 6 membered ring
2) carbonyl on C1
3) C5 will attack

22
Q

For a cyclic hemiacetal of an aldotetrose furanose ring explain:

1) what membered ring
2) where the carbonyl C would be
3) which C will attack the carbonyl

A

1) 4C - 5 membered ring
2) carbonyl on C1
3) C4 will attack

23
Q

what is an anomer?

A

isomers that only differ at the anomeric carbon

24
Q

when transposing fisher projections to geometric form, where is C1 / C2 located?

A

C1 is located on the right for aldoses
C2 is located on the right for ketoses

24
Q

when transposing the fisher projection to geometric form where will the last carbon always be ?

A

the last carbon will always be a part of a CH2OH group

25
Q

When transposing from the fisher projection to geometric form:

what direction are C numbered?

A

clockwise

26
Q

When transposing from the fisher projection to geometric form:

where are groups on the right located when in a geometric form? and groups on the left?

A

below the plane of the ring
-above the plane for groups on the left

27
Q

When transposing from the fisher projection to geometric form:

where is the CH2OH and OH group at C1/C2 for beta anomers?

A

CH2OH group at C5
OH at C1/C2 on the SAME side of the ring

28
Q

When transposing from the fisher projection to geometric form:

where is the CH2OH and OH group at C1/C2 for alpha anomers?

A

CH2OH group at C5
OH at C1/C2 on OPPOSITE sides of the ring

29
Q

when naming deoxy sugars, what does the placement of the number indicate? where is it most common to be put?

A

The number indicates the position where carbon is replaced
-commonly on C2,3 or 4

30
Q
A
31
Q

what is an amino sugar?

A

sugar molecules that have had their hydroxyl replaced by an amino groupx

32
Q

how are alcohols formed from aldoses and ketoses? what sugar would form ribotol?

A

from the reduction of them to make sugar alcohol
ribotol is formed from the reduction of ribose

33
Q

What major factors classifies a sugar as a reducing agent?

A

1) being an aldose (or a ketose that has gone through tautomerization to have carbonyl at C1)
2) must have a free anomeric carbon
3) having a linear form

34
Q

what is an O-glycosidic bond?

A

a bond linking an anomeric carbon to the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group

35
Q

what are N/O glycosidic bonds?

A

formation of glycosidic bonds from the reaction of an anomeric carbon with:
1) Hydroxyl to form O-glycosidic
2) Nitrogen to form N-glycosidic

36
Q

what type of bonds are present in glycogen?

A

alpha 1, 6

37
Q
A