Carbohydrates

Question 1

Monomer

Answer 1

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Made from a large number of monomers joined together

Question 3

Protein
Polymer;
Monomer;

Answer 3

Polymer; polypeptide
Monomer; amino acid

Question 4

Nucleic acid
Polymer;
Monomer;

Answer 4

Polymer; polynucleotide (DNA, RNA)
Monomer; nucleotide (phosphate group, ribose and nitrogenous base)

Question 5

Carbohydrates
Polymer;
Monomer;

Answer 5

Polymer; polysaccharide (cellulose, a malaise and amylopectin)
Monomer; monosaccharide (fructose, ribose, alpha glucose and beta glucose)

Question 6

Saccharide

Answer 6

Contains C, H and O

Question 7

Glucose isomers?

Answer 7

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

Question 8

Why is glucose a hexose monosaccharide?

Answer 8

• 6 carbon atoms
  -simple sugar

Question 9

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 9

In alpha glucose, the hydroxyl group is below the carbon ring on carbon 1, and in beta glucose, the hydroxyl group is above the carbon ring on carbon 1

Question 10

Properties of glucose

Answer 10

• small to cross semi-permeable cell surface membranes
• polar and soluble in water
• hydrogen bonds form between water molecules and hydroxyl groups, which makes it soluble
• this means that glucose can dissolve in the cytosyl (which is found in the cytoplasm) and can therefore move around the cell
• bonds in the glucose molecule have chemical energy, so can be broken down by respiratory enzymes and release energy

Question 11

Ribose properties

Answer 11

• pentose monosaccharide
• found in nucleotide
• many nucleotides joined together make a polynucleotide chain (e.g. RNA)
• have 5 carbons and a 5 membered ring

Question 12

What joins to monosaccharides together?

Answer 12

A glycosidic bond, which has oxygen at the centre of it

Question 13

Monosaccharide examples

Answer 13

• alpha glucose
• beta glucose
• fructose
• galactose
• ribose
• deoxyribose

Question 14

Disaccharide examples

Answer 14

• maltose
• sucrose
• lactose

Question 15

Disaccharide examples

Answer 15

• maltose
• sucrose
• lactose

Question 16

Maltose is made up of;

Answer 16

Alpha glucose and alpha glucose

Question 17

Sucrose made up of:

Answer 17

Alpha glucose and fructose

Question 18

Lactose is made up of;

Answer 18

Glucose and galactose

Question 19

Polysaccharide examples

Answer 19

• cellulose
• starch (mainly in plants)
• glycogen (mainly in animals)
  Starch and glycogen are both long term sugar storage.

Question 20

Cellulose is composed of:

Answer 20

Beta glucose

Question 21

Starch is composed of;

Answer 21

Alpha glucose

Question 22

Glycogen is composed of;

Answer 22

Alpha glucose

Question 23

Condensation reaction process (simplified steps)

Answer 23

• joins monomers
• water is produced
• glycosidic bond is formed
• disaccharide is formed ( be specific on which is formed e.g. sucrose)

Question 24

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 24

• water added to glycosidic bond which breaks it to form two monosaccharides

Question 25

Condensation reaction (formal answer)

Answer 25

One hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group of one monomer, and the hydrogen and oxygen atoms from the hydroxyl group from another monomer are removes to form a water molecule. A glycosidic bond is the formed between the carbon 1 of one monomer and the carbon 4 of another monomer