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2️⃣2.biological molecules > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the monomers that make up carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

what are the monosaccharides? [5]
are they hexose or pentose?

A

hexose (6C)
• alpha glucose
• beta glucose
• fructose
• galactose

pentose (5C)
• ribose

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3
Q

what are the chemical elements that make carbohydrates?

A

C H O

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4
Q

structure of alpha and beta glucose.
what’s the difference?

A

use text book pg 46
Hydroxyl group is at the top in b glucose

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5
Q

what’s the structure of ribose?

A

revision guide pg 22

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6
Q

what is a disaccharide ?
what is a polysaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together
2+ monosaccharides joined together

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7
Q

what’s the name of the bond that hounds monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic
(type of covalent)

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8
Q

what reaction bonds 2 monosaccharides together and how?

A

condensation
- the bond of H + OH from the 2 monosaccharides are broken > forming a molecule of water
- the monomers form a glycosidic bond between C1 and C4
=disaccharide

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9
Q

what the named disaccharides?
what monosaccharides join for these to form?

A

• sucrose -> a glucose + fructose
• lactose -> a glucose + b glucose
• maltose -> a glucose + a glucose

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10
Q

how are the bonds broken apart?
when does this usually happen?

A

hydrolysis
adding a molecule of water to break glycosidic bond

when needed for respiration

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11
Q

what are the named polysaccharides? [4]

A

starch:
1) amylose
2) amylopectin

3) glycogen
4) cellulose

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12
Q

what monosaccharides with what bond form starch? [2]

A

amylose - a glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds
amylopectin - a glucose, 1-4 glycosis bond, some 1-6 bonds

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13
Q

what monosaccharides with what bond forms cellulose? how?

A

b glucose- one glucose flips to form 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

what monosaccharides with what bond forms glycogen?

A

a glucose- 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

what’s the structure of each polysaccharide? [4]

A

amylose- long, helix
amylopectin- branched
glycogen- very branched
cellulose- straight, unbranched

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16
Q

what’s the properties of starch, ref storage? link to structure [3]

A

1) insoluble- water cant enter cells by osmosis, which would make them swell. good for storage.
2) flexible
3) unreactive

AMYLOSE
1)compact, good for storage:
from helix structure, due to the angles of glycosidic bonds (1-4)

AMYLOPECTIN
2)enzymes can break down glycosidic bonds quickly for so glucose can be realised respiration:
from branches

17
Q

what is starch?

A

main energy storage material in plants:
cells get energy from glucose, plants store excess glucose as starch so can be broken down for energy

18
Q

what is glycogen?

A

main energy storage material in animals:
excess glucose stored as glycogen, can be broken down for energy

19
Q

what are the properties of glycogen, reference to storage? link back to structure [4]

A

idea for storage:
1)insoluble, no effect on water potential

2)enzymes can quickly break down so glucose can be released quickly for energy:
from branches

3)compact, store large amounts of energy

4)compact, good for storage:
from branches

20
Q

what are the properties of cellulose? link back to structure

A

microfibrils- form by hydrogen bonds between cellulose

microfibrils join making macrofibrils
macrofibrils join making fibres

fibres- strong + insoluble, structural support to make cell walls (plants)

21
Q

what are the sugars [5]

A

• glucose a + b
• fructose
• sucrose
• lactose
• galactose

aka monosaccharides + disaccharides

22
Q

which ion is required for the hydrolysis of starch by an enzyme?

A

Cl-

23
Q

what’s the most soluble carbohydrate?
what’s the least soluble carbohydrate?

A

most soluble - glucose
least soluble - amylopectin

24
Q

what can make carbohydrates soluble?

A

(-OH) hydroxyl group is polar, so the more free hydroxyl groups the more soluble

25
Q

why are monosaccharides able to be used as respiratory substrates? [3]

A

1)bonds contain energy that can be broken down by enzymes
2)soluble can move within the cell
3)OH/hydroxyl groups can form bonds with the water

2️⃣2.biological molecules (7 decks)

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