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Core concepts: Biological molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 3 elements are contained within carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

A

Storage
Release of energy
Cellular structures (cellulose cell walls of plant cells)

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3
Q

What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Are monomers (single units)
Form the building blocks for larger carbohydrates
Names are determined by the number of C atoms in the molecule

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5
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds during a condensation reaction

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6
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Large complex carbohydrates formed from very large numbers of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

Cn(H2O)n
n = the number of C atoms in the monosaccharides

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8
Q

What is the sugar called if it has 3 carbon atoms?

A

Triose
C3H6O3

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9
Q

What is the sugar called if it has 5 carbon atoms?

A

Pentose
C5H10O5

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10
Q

What is the sugar called if it has 6 carbon atoms?

A

Hexose
C6H12O6

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11
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula
Different arrangements of their atoms

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12
Q

Are alpha and beta glucoses isomers?

A

yes

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13
Q

How are alpha and beta glucoses isomers?

A

Have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6)
Positioning of the H atom & OH group on carbon 1 is different
Alpha: OH group is above & H atom is below
Beta: OH group is below & H atom is above

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14
Q

Why are pentose & triose sugars important?

A

Biological importance
Pentose: deoxyribose sugar found in DNA nucleotides
Triose: intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis

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15
Q

What are some examples of hexose sugars?

A

Fructose
Galactose

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16
Q

What are some examples of pentose sugars?

A

Ribose
Deoxyribose sugar

17
Q

What is an example of a triose sugar?

A

Glyceraldehyde

18
Q

What are some properties of monosaccharides?

A

Small in size
Soluble in water
Easily dissolve inside cells
Easily transported in the bloodstream of animals

19
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Formed when 2 hexose sugars combine in a condensation reaction
A new glycosidic bond is formed with the elimination of water

20
Q

What is the general formula of disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

21
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose = alpha glucose + alpha glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

22
Q

What is maltose?

A

Found inside seeds
An important source of glucose during germination

23
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Very soluble
Main sugar in fruits and nectar
Sweeter than glucose
Transported through the phloem of all plants

24
Q

What is lactose?

A

Found in mammalian milk
An important source of energy for their young
Not as soluble as glucose
Important in the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids

25
Q

What is a 1-4 glycosidic bond?

A

Bond between carbon 1 of one monosaccharide and carbon 4 of another monosaccharide

26
Q

How can disaccharides be broken down to monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis reaction
Breaking down the glycosidic bond with the insertion of water

Core concepts: Biological molecules (9 decks)

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