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Chem 193 Biochemistry C3 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q
  • the simplest sugars and do not undergo hydrolysis
    – can be classified according to the functional group (carbonyl) present
    (aldose or ketose)
A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with an empirical formula Cn (H2O)n.
except for deoxy sugars.

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

cyclic hemiacetals (for aldoses) and hemiketals (for aldoses)
formed due to the intramolecular interactions between the hydroxyl and
carbonyl groups of the monosaccharides.

A

Haworth Projections

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4
Q

Two Cyclic Forms of monosaccahrides

A

Pyranose – sugars with six-membered rings

Furanose – sugars with five-membered rings

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4
Q

two sugars which are mirror images of each other. For example, Dand L-glucose.

A

Enantiomers

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4
Q

Stereoisomers of Monosaccharides

A

Enantiomers
Epimers
Anomers

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5
Q

two sugars that differ only in the orientation of the OH around the
anomeric carbon in the Haworth Projection.

A

Anomers

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5
Q

two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

A

Epimers

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6
Q

– consist of two simple sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
– examples: sucrose, maltose, and lactose

A

Disaccharides

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7
Q

Sugar units of Maltose and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose
B-D-glucose
a(1-4)

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8
Q

Sugar units of Lactose and glycosidic bond

A

B-D-glucose
B-D-galactose
B(1-4)

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9
Q

Sugar units of Sucrose and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose
B-D-fructose
a(1)-B-(2)

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10
Q

Sugar units of Cellobiose and glycosidic bond

A

B-D-glucose
B-D-glucose
B(1-4)

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11
Q

Sugar units of Gentiobiose and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose
B-D-glucose
B(1-6)

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12
Q

made up of 3–10 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds,

A

Oligosaccharides

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13
Q

What made up raffinose

A

(glucose + galactose + fructose)

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14
Q

What made up stachyose

A

(2 galactose + glucose + fructose)

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15
Q

What made up verbascose

A

(3 galactose + glucose + fructose)

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16
Q

Two human milk oligosaccharides both derived from lactose.

A

Lacto-N-tetraose
Lacto-N-pentaose

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17
Q

– made up of more than 10 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic
bonds

A

polysaccharides

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17
Q

Two type of Polysaccharides

A

Homopolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycan):

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18
Q

Made up of same monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

A

Homopolysaccharides

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19
Q

Cellulose glycosodic bond

A

B(1-4)

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20
Q

Sugar units of starch and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose

Amylose: a(1-4)
Amylopectin: a(1-4) and a(1-6) branching, ever15-30 glc units

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20
– a glucose polysaccharide that provides strength to plant cell walls and consists of the repeating disaccharide cellobiose.
Cellulose
21
a storage polysaccharide in plant cell
Starch
22
– a storage polysaccharide in animals.
Glycogen
23
Sugar units and glycosidic bond of glycogen
a-D-glucose (1-4) and a(1-6) branching, every 8-12 glc units
24
Sugar units and glycosidic bond of chitin
N-acetylglucoseamine B(1-4)
25
a linear hexosamine polysaccharide that forms the structural component of invertebrate exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans.
Chitin
26
: Made up of different monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds,
Heteropolysaccharides
27
composed of glucosamine and glucuronic acid or iduronic acid that is present in liver, lung, spleen; anticoagulant
Heparin
28
compose of N-acetylgalactosamine + glucuronic acid; present in cartilage, tendons, ligaments
Chondroitin sulfate
29
– contain combinations of modified and unmodified monosaccharides, which are covalently attached to proteins and lipids as branched and unbranched structures.
Glycoconjugates
29
-is a heteropolysaccharide which is used as plasma volume expander
Dextran
29
Glycolipids are primarily generated in the
Golgi apparatus
29
Glycan modification of proteins takes place within the
lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum compartment of the cell
30
– made are proteins or lipids with covalently attached glycans, which play a critical role in cellular communication
Glycoconjugates
31
protein glycoconjugates in which the bulk of the macromolecule consists of protein.
Glycoproteins
31
protein glycoconjugates that consist mostly of carbohydrates (of greater portion by mass) with only a small protein component; provide points of adhesion, recognition, and information transfer between cells, or between the cell and the extracellular matrix.
Proteoglycans
31
are proteoglycans that are found in bacterial cell walls consisting of multiple strands of hexosamine polysaccharide chains.
Peptidoglycans
31
Reactions of Carbohydrates:
Oxidation of an aldose converts the aldehyde group into a carboxylic acid, yielding aldonic acids Oxidation of the primary alcohol group of aldoses (last carbon from the carbonyl group) yields uronic acid. The reduction of the carbonyl group in monosaccharides produces sugar alcohols, which are also called alditols.
32
– are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. – maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues
Glycolipids
32
Tollen’s reagent
Ag+ in aqueous ammonia
33
Benedict’s reagent
(Cu2+ complexed with citrate ion)
33
Fehling’s reagent
(Cu2+ complexed with tartrate ion)
33
Oxidation with Bromine-water
Oxidation with Bromine-water
33
Oxidases
(enzymes that catalyze oxidation)
34
Usually, a ketone cannot be oxidized. However, under basic conditions, a ___________ occurs
rearrangement between the ketone group on carbon 2 and the hydroxyl group on carbon 1
34
Nitric Acid oxidizes both the aldehyde group and the terminal -CH2OH group of an aldose to carboxylic acid groups. The resulting dicarboxylic acid is called an aldaric acid.
Oxidation with Nitric Acid
35
Oxidation of the primary alcohol group of aldoses (last carbon from the carbonyl group) yields
uronic acid.
35
Aldoses and ketoses can be reduced under mild conditions, using NaBH4 or H2 gas in the presence of metal catalysts or by sodium amalgam. The reduction of the carbonyl group in monosaccharides produces sugar alcohols, which are also called
alditols
36
are formed by addition of phenylhydrazine under acidic condition.
Osazones
36
Oxidation of an aldose converts the aldehyde group into a carboxylic acid, yielding aldonic acids
aldonic acids
37
Aldoses and ketoses react excess __________to form products known as osazones
phenylhydrazine
38
Iodine can be used to detect the presence of starch, showing blue-black coloration or the________.
starch-iodo complex
39
Iodine can be used to detect the presence of Glycogen gives__
red coloration
40
detects reducing sugars and differentiates a monosaccharide from a disaccharide.
Barfoed’s test
40
is a method of shortening sugar chains by giving an aldose with one less carbon. First step is the conversion of an aldose to aldoxime
Wohl degradation
40
– a substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol to give a simple glycoside.
Koenigs-Knorr Reaction
40
– a two-step method of shortening sugar chains that produces an aldose with one less carbon. The aldonic acid is treated with hydrogen peroxide and ferric sulphate which oxidizes the carboxyl group to CO2
Ruff Degradation
40
In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two monomer units together?
Dehydration reaction
40
The two starch molecules are
Amylose and Amylopectin
41
– a method of extending an aldose carbon chain by adding one carbon atom at a time. This process involves the conversion of aldose to two diastereomeric cyanohydrins of the next higher carbon number by addition of HCN
Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis

Chem 193 Biochemistry C3 (4 decks)

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