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Chem 193 Biochemistry C3 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q
  • the simplest sugars and do not undergo hydrolysis
    – can be classified according to the functional group (carbonyl) present
    (aldose or ketose)
A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with an empirical formula Cn (H2O)n.
except for deoxy sugars.

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

cyclic hemiacetals (for aldoses) and hemiketals (for aldoses)
formed due to the intramolecular interactions between the hydroxyl and
carbonyl groups of the monosaccharides.

A

Haworth Projections

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4
Q

Two Cyclic Forms of monosaccahrides

A

Pyranose – sugars with six-membered rings

Furanose – sugars with five-membered rings

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4
Q

two sugars which are mirror images of each other. For example, Dand L-glucose.

A

Enantiomers

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4
Q

Stereoisomers of Monosaccharides

A

Enantiomers
Epimers
Anomers

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5
Q

two sugars that differ only in the orientation of the OH around the
anomeric carbon in the Haworth Projection.

A

Anomers

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5
Q

two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

A

Epimers

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6
Q

– consist of two simple sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
– examples: sucrose, maltose, and lactose

A

Disaccharides

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7
Q

Sugar units of Maltose and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose
B-D-glucose
a(1-4)

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8
Q

Sugar units of Lactose and glycosidic bond

A

B-D-glucose
B-D-galactose
B(1-4)

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9
Q

Sugar units of Sucrose and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose
B-D-fructose
a(1)-B-(2)

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10
Q

Sugar units of Cellobiose and glycosidic bond

A

B-D-glucose
B-D-glucose
B(1-4)

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11
Q

Sugar units of Gentiobiose and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose
B-D-glucose
B(1-6)

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12
Q

made up of 3–10 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds,

A

Oligosaccharides

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13
Q

What made up raffinose

A

(glucose + galactose + fructose)

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14
Q

What made up stachyose

A

(2 galactose + glucose + fructose)

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15
Q

What made up verbascose

A

(3 galactose + glucose + fructose)

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16
Q

Two human milk oligosaccharides both derived from lactose.

A

Lacto-N-tetraose
Lacto-N-pentaose

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17
Q

– made up of more than 10 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic
bonds

A

polysaccharides

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17
Q

Two type of Polysaccharides

A

Homopolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycan):

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18
Q

Made up of same monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

A

Homopolysaccharides

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19
Q

Cellulose glycosodic bond

A

B(1-4)

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20
Q

Sugar units of starch and glycosidic bond

A

a-D-glucose

Amylose: a(1-4)
Amylopectin: a(1-4) and a(1-6) branching, ever15-30 glc units

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20
Q

– a glucose polysaccharide that provides strength to plant cell
walls and consists of the repeating disaccharide cellobiose.

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

a storage polysaccharide in plant cell

A

Starch

22
Q

– a storage polysaccharide in animals.

A

Glycogen

23
Q

Sugar units and glycosidic bond of glycogen

A

a-D-glucose
(1-4) and a(1-6) branching, every 8-12 glc units

24
Q

Sugar units and glycosidic bond of chitin

A

N-acetylglucoseamine
B(1-4)

25
Q

a linear hexosamine polysaccharide that forms the structural
component of invertebrate exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans.

A

Chitin

26
Q

: Made up of different
monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds,

A

Heteropolysaccharides

27
Q

composed of glucosamine and glucuronic acid or iduronic acid
that is present in liver, lung, spleen; anticoagulant

A

Heparin

28
Q

compose of N-acetylgalactosamine + glucuronic
acid; present in cartilage, tendons, ligaments

A

Chondroitin sulfate

29
Q

– contain combinations of modified and unmodified monosaccharides, which
are covalently attached to proteins and lipids as branched and unbranched
structures.

A

Glycoconjugates

29
Q

-is a heteropolysaccharide which is used as plasma volume
expander

A

Dextran

29
Q

Glycolipids are primarily generated in
the

A

Golgi apparatus

29
Q

Glycan modification of proteins takes place within the

A

lumen of the endoplasmic
reticulum compartment of the cell

30
Q

– made are proteins or lipids with covalently attached glycans, which play a
critical role in cellular communication

A

Glycoconjugates

31
Q

protein glycoconjugates in which the bulk of the macromolecule
consists of protein.

A

Glycoproteins

31
Q

protein glycoconjugates that consist mostly of carbohydrates
(of greater portion by mass) with only a small protein component; provide points
of adhesion, recognition, and information transfer between cells, or between the
cell and the extracellular matrix.

A

Proteoglycans

31
Q

are proteoglycans that are found in bacterial cell walls
consisting of multiple strands of hexosamine polysaccharide chains.

A

Peptidoglycans

31
Q

Reactions of Carbohydrates:

A

Oxidation of an aldose converts the aldehyde group into a carboxylic acid, yielding
aldonic acids

Oxidation of the primary alcohol group of aldoses (last carbon from the carbonyl
group) yields uronic acid.

The reduction of the
carbonyl group in monosaccharides produces sugar alcohols, which are also called
alditols.

32
Q

– are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond.
– maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues

A

Glycolipids

32
Q

Tollen’s reagent

A

Ag+ in aqueous ammonia

33
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A

(Cu2+ complexed with citrate ion)

33
Q

Fehling’s reagent

A

(Cu2+ complexed with tartrate ion)

33
Q

Oxidation with Bromine-water

A

Oxidation with Bromine-water

33
Q

Oxidases

A

(enzymes that catalyze oxidation)

34
Q

Usually, a ketone cannot be oxidized. However, under basic conditions, a
___________ occurs

A

rearrangement between the ketone group on carbon 2 and the hydroxyl
group on carbon 1

34
Q

Nitric Acid oxidizes both the aldehyde group and the terminal -CH2OH group of an aldose to carboxylic acid groups. The resulting dicarboxylic acid is called an aldaric acid.

A

Oxidation with Nitric Acid

35
Q

Oxidation of the primary alcohol group of aldoses (last carbon from the carbonyl
group) yields

A

uronic acid.

35
Q

Aldoses and ketoses can be reduced under mild conditions, using NaBH4 or H2 gas
in the presence of metal catalysts or by sodium amalgam. The reduction of the
carbonyl group in monosaccharides produces sugar alcohols, which are also called

A

alditols

36
Q

are formed by addition of phenylhydrazine under acidic condition.

A

Osazones

36
Q

Oxidation of an aldose converts the aldehyde group into a carboxylic acid, yielding
aldonic acids

A

aldonic acids

37
Q

Aldoses and ketoses react excess __________to form products known as
osazones

A

phenylhydrazine

38
Q

Iodine can be used to detect the presence of starch, showing blue-black coloration or the________.

A

starch-iodo complex

39
Q

Iodine can be used to detect the presence of Glycogen gives__

A

red coloration

40
Q

detects reducing sugars and differentiates a monosaccharide from a
disaccharide.

A

Barfoed’s test

40
Q

is a method of shortening sugar chains by giving an aldose with one less carbon. First step is the conversion of an aldose to aldoxime

A

Wohl degradation

40
Q

– a substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol
to give a simple glycoside.

A

Koenigs-Knorr Reaction

40
Q

– a two-step method of shortening sugar chains that produces an aldose with one less carbon. The aldonic acid is treated with hydrogen peroxide and ferric sulphate which oxidizes the carboxyl group to CO2

A

Ruff Degradation

40
Q

In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two
monomer units together?

A

Dehydration reaction

40
Q

The two starch molecules are

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

41
Q

– a method of extending an aldose carbon chain by adding one carbon atom at a time. This process involves the conversion of aldose to two
diastereomeric cyanohydrins of the next higher carbon number by addition of HCN

A

Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis

Chem 193 Biochemistry C3 (4 decks)

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