Carbohydrates Flashcards
starch- function
plant energy storage
glycogen- function
animal energy storage
cellulose- function
plant cell wall structural support
chitin- function
cell wall support of fungi, insects, and crustaceans
peptidoglycan- function
bacterial cell wall support
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
simple sugars
Disaccharide
two sugars
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Oligosaccharide
small polymers
rfinose, stachyose
polysaccharide
large polymers
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Important structural component of monosaccharides
location of the carbonyl group
aldose
carbonyl group at the end
ketose
carbonyl group at the middle
Typical structure of monosaccharides
linear unless double bond is broken in water to become ring
How are polysaccharides formed
condensation reaction between two hydroxyl groups links monos together and releases water forming covalent bond glycosidic linkage
how are polysaccharide linkages broken
hydrolysis reaction adds water to
most common polysaccharide linkage
C1-C4
alpha linkages
point down
beta linkages
point up
amylose
unbranched startch alpha 1-4 linkages
amylopectin
branched startch alpha 1,6 linkages
what compounds did Millers experiment create
hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, amino acids
Miller hypothesized
organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under early Earth conditions
gram neg vs pos
Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negatives.
gram pos
Peptidoglycan is a good target for antibacterial drugs making antibiotics to treat it easier than negative
