Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the 4 types of biological molecules that organisms are made out of?

Answer 1

-Carbohydrate-Lipid-Protein-Nucleic Acid

Question 2

What 3 things do biological molecules include?

Answer 2

-Monomers-Macromolecules-Polymers

Question 3

What are monomers?

Answer 3

-Single-like building blocks

Question 4

What are macromolecules?

Answer 4

Large complex molecules containing monomers.

Question 5

What are polymers?

Answer 5

Type of macromolecule made from repeating units.

Question 6

How are polymers formed?

Answer 6

Condensation Reactions

Question 7

How are polymers broken down?

Answer 7

Hydrolysis Reactions

Question 8

What are carbohydrates made from?

Answer 8

Carbon and water

Question 9

What are the 2 types of carbohydrates?

Answer 9

Simple and Complex.

Question 10

What are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 10

Respiration, energy store and support.

Question 11

What can carbohydrates be converted into?

Answer 11

Other macromolecules.

Question 12

What does a simple carbohydrate include?

Answer 12

Monosaccharides (one sugar monomer) and disaccharides (two sugar monomer).

Question 13

What does a complex carbohydrate include?

Answer 13

Polymers made from many sugar monomers joined together.

Question 14

What are complex carbohydrates also known as?

Answer 14

Polysaccharides.

Question 15

What are some examples of carbohydrates?

Answer 15

-Glucose-Galactose-Fructose-Ribose-Deoxyribose

Question 16

What is the main energy store in plants and animals?

Answer 16

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 17

What are the main properties of glucose?

Answer 17

soluble, easily transported and chemical bonds contain a lot of energy.

Question 18

What type of monosaccharide is glucose and how many forms does it have?

Answer 18

Hexose monosaccharide and exists in 2 forms (isomers).

Question 19

What are the two forms of glucose?

Answer 19

alpha glucosebeta glucose

Question 20

What type of monosaccharide is ribose and what is it?

Answer 20

Pentose monosaccharide and is the sugar in RNA.

Question 21

What type of monosaccharide is deoxyribose and what is it?

Answer 21

Pentose monosaccharide and is the sugar in DNA.

Question 22

When are disaccharides formed?

Answer 22

-When a glycosidic bond is formed by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides.

Question 23

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 23

-Sucrose (alpha + fructose)-Lactose(alpha + galactose)-Maltose(alpha +beta)

Question 24

What are the 3 types of polysaccharides?

Answer 24

-Starch-Cellulose-Glycogen

Question 25

How is starch stored?

Answer 25

In granuels.

Question 26

What is starch made of?

Answer 26

Alpha glucose.

Question 27

As starch is insoluble, what does it not affect?

Answer 27

Water potential.

Question 28

What 2 things make up starch?

Answer 28

Amylose and Amylopectin.

Question 29

What is starch broken down by?

Answer 29

Amylase.

Question 30

What is amylose?

Answer 30

A long unbranched chain which forms a coiled structure.

Question 31

Why does amylose have this coiled structure?

Answer 31

Due to the angles of the glycosidic bond is so compact.

Question 32

What is the amylose coil held together by?

Answer 32

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

Question 33

What is Amylopectin?

Answer 33

A chain with side branches which allows enzymes to easily access the bonds so glucose can be quickly released. Also coiled,

Question 34

What is amylopectin held together by?

Answer 34

alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

Question 35

Glycogen is...

Answer 35

Identical to starch other than glycogen has more branches as there is more amylopectin.

Question 36

How is glycogen stored and where?

Answer 36

In granules in liver and muscles.

Question 37

What is glycogen made from?

Answer 37

alpha glucose.

Question 38

Why does glycogen have so many branches?

Answer 38

For easy enzyme access and quick glucose release.

Question 39

Glycogen is also insoluble so doesn't affect what?

Answer 39

Water potential.

Question 40

Why is glycogen compact?

Answer 40

Coiled (H- bonds)

Question 41

What is cellulose made out of?

Answer 41

Long unbranched chains of Beta glucose.

Question 42

How are cellulose chains held together and what do they form?

Answer 42

Hydrogen bonds forming strong insoluble fibres called microfibrils.

Question 43

What are reducing sugars?

Answer 43

Monosaccharides plus Maltose, Galactose and Fructose.

Question 44

How do we test for a reducing sugar?

Answer 44

Benedict's Test

Question 45

What does a reducing sugar do?

Answer 45

Donates electrons from unbound C

Question 46

What would be a Qualitative test for Benedict's?

Answer 46

Colour Change so reducing sugar is present.

Question 47

What would be a Quantitative test for Benedict's?

Answer 47

Use a colourimeter.

Question 48

In the Benedict's test, what reactions happens with the Copper Sulphate?

Answer 48

Cu2+ --> Cu+-eBlue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red

Question 49

What are the non-reducing sugars?

Answer 49

Polysaccharides-starch, amylose, amylopectin plus the disaccharide sucrose.

Question 50

How do we test for a non-reducing sugar?

Answer 50

-Get a negative test from Benedict's first.-Hydrolyse the glycosidic bond (hydrochloric acid)-Neutralise the excess acid.-Re test but this time get a positive result.