Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the most common type of organic compound?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

What 3 elements are present in carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

Question 4

Formula for carbohydrates

Answer 4

(CH2O)x

Question 5

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 5

Energy storage, structural roll, component of nucleic acids & energy carriers, recognition site on the cell surface

Question 6

Name 3 ways of classifying carbohydrates

Answer 6

Size, complexity, functional groups

Question 7

What are some complex carbohydrates

Answer 7

Disaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide

Question 8

What is the name given to sugars with the aldehyde functional group?

Answer 8

Aldoses

Question 9

What is the name given to sugars with the ketone functional group?

Answer 9

Ketoses

Question 10

What are some characteristics of monosaccharides?

Answer 10

Colourless, crystalline structure, water soluble

Question 11

What size sugars are the most common?

Answer 11

Hexoses?

Question 12

What formula do hexoses have?

Answer 12

C6H12O6

Question 13

What happens to hexoses in aqueous solution?

Answer 13

They form rings

Question 14

If the hydroxide group is on the same side as the CH2OH, what form of the sugar is it?

Answer 14

Beta

Question 15

If the hydroxide group is on the opposite side as the CH2OH, what form of the sugar is it?

Answer 15

Alpha

Question 16

Name 3 common hexoses

Answer 16

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 17

What is glucose?

Answer 17

Sugar in blood & an energy molecule

Question 18

What is galactose?

Answer 18

Sugar in milk

Question 19

What is fructose?

Answer 19

Sugar in honey

Question 20

All hexoses are … of each other

Answer 20

Isomers

Question 21

Glucose & galactose are … of each other

Answer 21

Stereoisomers

Question 22

What type of sugar are ribose & deoxyribose?

Answer 22

Pentoses

Question 23

What type of reaction forms glycosidic linkage?

Answer 23

Condensation dehydration

Question 24

What molecule is lost in a condensation dehydration reaction?

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

What bond is found in maltose?

Answer 25

Glucose-Glucose alpha 1-4 linkage

Question 26

What bond is found in lactose?

Answer 26

Glucose-Galactose beta 1-4 linkage

Question 27

What bond is found in sucrose?

Answer 27

Glucose-Fructose alpha 1-2 linkage

Question 28

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 28

Long chain of monosaccharides

Question 29

What are some features of polysaccharides?

Answer 29

Not as water soluble as monosaccharides, unable to pass in & out of cell

Question 30

Name two storage polysaccharides

Answer 30

Starch & glycogen

Question 31

Name the two forms of starch

Answer 31

Amylose & amylopectin

Question 32

What is the role of starch in seeds?

Answer 32

To provide food to the embryo during germination

Question 33

What form is glucose in in starch?

Answer 33

Alpha

Question 34

What is amylose made up of?

Answer 34

Glucose chains joined with 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 35

What shape does amylose have?

Answer 35

Helical

Question 36

Does amylose have branched chains?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

What is the pain difference between amylose & amylopectin?

Answer 37

Branched chains

Question 38

Does amylopectin have branched chains?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What makes up amylopectin?

Answer 39

Glucose chains with 1-4 glycosidic linkages with periodic 1-6 glycosidic linkages at the site if branching

Question 40

What shape does amylopectin have?

Answer 40

Helical

Question 41

How often does branching occur in amylopectin?

Answer 41

Approximately every 30 carbon atoms

Question 42

What is the storage polysaccharide in vertebrates?

Answer 42

Glycogen

Question 43

Does glycogen have branched chains?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

Answer 44

Higher degree of branching in glycogen

Question 45

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 45

Liver & muscle cells

Question 46

What occurs when the body's blood glucose level is low?

Answer 46

Glycogen broken down to glucose via hydrolysis

Question 47

What is the name of the process in which glycogen is broken down to glucose?

Answer 47

Glycogenolysis

Question 48

What structural polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls?

Answer 48

Cellulose

Question 49

What is cellulose made up of?

Answer 49

Unbranched glucose molecules

Question 50

What type of bonds exist between glucose monomers in a cellulose polymer?

Answer 50

Glucose-glucose beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

Question 51

What forms between chains of cellulose?

Answer 51

Hydrogen bonds

Question 52

What feature do bonds between cellulose chains cause?

Answer 52

Series of stiff elongated fibrils

Question 53

Why can't most animals digest cellulose?

Answer 53

They don't possess the enzymes necessary to break down the beta glycosidic bonds

Question 54

What allows certain herbivores digest cellulose?

Answer 54

Microbes living in the oral cavity

Question 55

What polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods?

Answer 55

Chitin

Question 56

What microorganism has chitin in their cell walls?

Answer 56

Fungi

Question 57

What is the monomer of chitin?

Answer 57

Glucosamine

Question 58

What is the difference between glucose & glucosamine?

Answer 58

Glucosamine contains an amino group