Carbohydrates

Question 1

Four major kinds of macromolecules found in living organisms?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 2

What do these macromolecules have in common?

Answer 2

• They are large. Made up of smaller units called monomers to make up polymers exclusive of lipids.
  -They contain carbon based core (organic material) special groups attached to it that confer specific
  chemical properties
  -held together by covalent bonds- distinct form that influences function.

Question 3

What are functional groups?

Answer 3

Functional groups are groups of atoms that occur within organic molecules in conferral with specific chemical properties.

Question 4

What are functional groups classified as

Answer 4

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 5

hydrogen bonds and functional groups

Answer 5

hydrogen bonds between functional groups are important to the function of many macromolecules and help them to fold properly and maintain shape needed for functioning correctly.

Question 6

Hydrogen bonds are also involved in various recognition processes such as

Answer 6

• DNA complementary Base Pairing
  -Binding an enzyme to its substrate

Question 7

Functional groups of Carbohydrates

Answer 7

in general monosaccharides only have one carbonyl group (aldehyde, ketone or acid), and the remaining carbons each bear one hydroxyl group

Question 8

Polymers from monomer monosaccharide

Answer 8

• Polysaccharide
  -Carbohydrates (starch)

Question 9

Monosaccharides

Answer 9

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. Building blocks of more complex carbs.

Question 10

Aldoses

Answer 10

monosaccharides containing aldehyde group (-CHO) are known as aldoses and regarded as reducing sugars.

Question 11

Ketoses

Answer 11

monosaccharides containing ketone groups -C=0 known as ketoses and regarded as non reducing sugars.

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

Most monosaccharides are rare in nature. Most sugars found in nature are disaccharides. These form when two monosaccharides come together.

Question 13

How to the two monosaccharides react to form the disaccharide

Answer 13

A process called condensation/dehydration which requires a lot of energy releases water and a glycosidic bond forms which holds the two monosaccharide units together.

Question 14

What are the three most important disaccharides?

Answer 14

Sucrose (non reducing sugar)
maltose (reducing)
lactose (reducing)

Question 15

disaccharides and their forming monosaccharides

Answer 15

sucrose = @ glucose + @ fructose
maltose = @ glucose + @ glucose
@ Lactose = @glucose + B galactose
B Lactose = B glucose + B galactose

Question 16

Dehydration

Answer 16

In this process a covalent bond is formed, one hydroxyl (-OH) is removed from one sub unit and a H+ bond is removed from the other sub unit. (enzymes facilitate this process)

Question 17

hydrolysis

Answer 17

In instances where the covalent bond needs to be broken, hydrolysis occurs where a hydrogen group is attached to one sub unit and a hydroxyl group is attached to another sub unit.

Question 18

Condensation polymerization

Answer 18

Monosaccharides undergo a series of condensation reactions adding one unit after another to the chain forming very large molecules (polysaccharides).

Question 19

Starch is usually produced in plants as a way of storing energy. It exists in two forms

Answer 19

Amylose and amylopectin
(both made from @ glucose

Question 20

Amylose

Answer 20

An unbranched polymer of @ glucose, the molecules coil into a helical structure. It forms a colloidal suspension in hot water.

Question 21

Amylopectin

Answer 21

A branched polymer of @ glucose completely insoluble in water

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

Glycogen is amylopectin with very short distances between branching side chains. Starch from plants is hydrolysed in the body to form glucose, which is then passed into the cell and used in metabolic reactions. There in the cell the glucose can be polymerized to form glycogen which acts as a carbohydrate energy store.

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

Another polymer made from glucose however it is made from B glucose molecules and the polymer molecules are straight

Question 24

Cellulose makes up the cell walls in plant cells. Which are tougher than cell membranes because

Answer 24

because of the arrangement of glucose polymer chains and hydrogen bonding to neighboring chains. Cellulose is not easily hydrolysed so therefore cannot be digested by humans for a source of energy