carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
these substances include carbohydrates. lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid (the 4 biomolecules)
A
bioorganic substances
2
Q
this is the element of life
A
carbon
3
Q
structural element of photosynthesis
A
cellulose
4
Q
energy reservoir for plants
A
starch
5
Q
energy reservoir for humans
A
glycogen
6
Q
serves as energy currency of the human body
A
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
7
Q
source of carbohydrates
A
plant products
8
Q
carbohydrates, specifically ____, form the structural framework of DNA and RNA
A
Ribose
9
Q
carbohydrates is present in lipids. true or false?
A
true
10
Q
carbohydrates link to proteins and act as signals for cell recognition. true or false?
A
true
11
Q
the common chemical formula of photosynthesis?
A
Cn(H20)n
12
Q
what are carbohydrates? this means a substance with multiple OH
A
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
13
Q
this refers to reactions involving H20. how chemical reaction happens thru __
A
hydrolysis
14
Q
is fructose a ketone or a aldehyde?
A
ketone
15
Q
which monosaccharides are aldoses?
A
glucose, galactose
16
Q
the common number of C atoms in a monosaccharide?
A
5 and 6
17
Q
these sugars contain 2-10 monosaccharides
A
oligosaccharides
18
Q
these sugars contain 2 monosaccharide units
A
disaccharides
19
Q
also called as the table sugar
A
sucrose
20
Q
also called the milk sugar
A
lactose
21
Q
also called the malt sugar
A
maltose
22
Q
these sugars are associated with proteins and lipids in human body for structural and regulatory functions
A
disaccharides
23
Q
these sugars contain many monosaccharides bonded and branched
A
polysaccharides
24
Q
these are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other. these are achiral.
A
superimposable
25
these are images that are chiral or has handedness
non-superimposable
26
this refers to an atom attached to a 4 different groups
chiral center
27
almost all _____ are right handed (D)
monosaccharides
28
almost all ____ are left handed (L)
amino acids
29
isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space
stereoisomers
30
stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other (chiral)
enantiomers
31
is carbohydrate a enantiomer or diastereoisomers?
enantiomers
32
basis for structure of carbohydrates
D and L system
33
four groups attached to the atom at the chiral center assume this geometry
tetrahedral arrangement
34
these isomers have lower boiling point as compared to straight chain because its active site is exposed
constitutional isomers
35
light move only in one direction
plane polarized light
36
our body reacts differently to different enantiomers. true or false?
true
37
which of the carbohydrates are aldohexose?
D-glucose
38
what is the meaning of aldohexose
an aldose group with 6 carbon atoms
39
which of the carbohydrates are ketohexose?
D-fructose
40
the sweet tasting sugar
fructose
41
this sugar is an aldopentose and is part of RNA, DNA, ATP
ribose
42
cyclic form of molcules that bears a shape
hemiacetal
43
OH is below the ring
alpha
44
OH is above the ring
Beta
45
cyclic monosaccharide containing 6 atom rings
pyranose
46
cyclic monosaccharide containing 5 atom rings
furanose
47
two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three dimensional structure of a cyclic form of monosaccharide
Haworth projection formula
48
a ____ sugar gives a positive test with Tollen's and Benedict's solutions
reducing sugar
49
this is a reaction when the carbonyl group is reduced to a hydroxyl group. it produces sugar alcohol like sorbitol.
reduction to sugar alcohol
50
monosaccharide acetals formed by replacement of hemiacetal carbon -oh with -or group
glycoside
51
monosaccharide responsible for blood groups
D-galactose
52
these play an important role in metabolism of carbohydrates
phosphate ester
53
important building block of polysaccharide
amino sugar
54
this attaches 2 monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
55
cellobiose is linked through a ___ glycosidic linkage
beta(1-4) glycosidic linkage
56
maltose is linked through a ___ glycosidic linkage
alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkage
57
maltose and cellobiose are combination of two monosaccharide called____?
glucose
58
lactose is joined by a _____ glycosidic linkage
beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage
59
lactose is a combination of monosaccharide ____ and ____
galactose and glucose
60
a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase
lactose intolerance
61
this is a disaccharide produced by bonding of fructose and glucose
sucrose
62
this disaccharide is joined together by a head to head linkage and is the most abundant disaccharide
sucrose
63
sucrose is joined together by a ___glycosidic linkage
beta (1-2) glycosidic linkage
64
2 types of polysaccharides
linear & branched, homo- & hetero-
65
storage polysaccharide in plants and used as an energy source in cells
starch
66
this is a straight chain polymer
amylose
67
amylose is bonded through ____ linkage
alpha (1-4) linkage
68
branched chain polymer
amylopectin
69
amylopectin is bonded by _____ linkages
alpha (1-4) for straight chains, alpha (1-6) for branches
70
glycogen is bonded by ____ linkages
alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkage for straight chain, alpha (1-6) for branches
71
glycogen is broken down into glucose by a process of?
Glycogenolysis
72
glycogen is produced from glucose by a process of?
Glycogenesis
73
cellulose is linked by a _____ bond
beta (1-4) glycosidic bond, cannot be digested by humans
74
chitin is linked by a _____
beta (1-4) glycosidic bond
75
a structural polysaccharide that serves as lubrication for the joints
acidic polysaccharides
76
a lipid molecule with a carbohydrate molecule; important in cell recognition
glycolipid
77
a protein molecule with a carbohydrate molecule; important in cell recognition
glycoproteins
78
these are dietary monosaccharides or disaccharides, sweet
simple carbohydrate
79
dietary polysaccharides; not sweet
complex carbohydrates
80
also called the blood sugar as it can access the organs and the CNS
glucose
81
in beans, there are necessary _____ that help production of carbohydrates
amino acids
82
the coating of beans is made up of ____ that contains cellulose
insoluble fibers
83
what is the original name of fructose?
levulose
84
the condition of lack of enzyme needed to metabolize galactose
galactosemia
85
fermentation product of lactose
lactic acid
86
inability to digest lactose due to low levels of enzyme
maldigestion
87
a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen; the primary means of producing ATP for microorganisms
fermentation
88
a nondigestible polysaccharide that provides no energy
fiber
89
fiber that is easily fermented by intestinal bactera
soluble fiber
90
fiber that not easily fermented
insoluble fiber
91
soluble fiber that helps in lowering high blood cholesterol
dietary fiber
92
suggested amount of dietary fiber for adults
25g/day for women; 38g/day for men
93
suggested amount of dietary fiber for 5oyrs and above
21g for women; 30g for men
94
dietary fiber amount for preganant and lactating women
28g/day
95
these carbohydrates cannot be digested by the human body; similar in length as simple carb and similar in make up of polysaccharides
oligosaccharides
96
the goal for blood glucose
70-100 mg/dl
97
this lowers blood glucose levels; stimulates glycogen formation
insulin
98
this increases blood glucose levels; stimulated glycogen breakdown
glucagon
99
measure of how quickly a food can make blood sugar rise
Glycemic Index (GI)
100
type of diabetes that means no insulin produced; usually begins in childhood
type 1 diabetes mellitus
101
this type is associated with insulin resistance
type 2 diabetes mellitus
102
a blood glucose level that is too low (below 70 mg/dl)
hypoglycemia
103
sugar present in zero-sugar drinks
sugar alcohol
