Carbohydrates Flashcards
Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defines as a glucose of:
less than or equal to 45mg/dl
The following results are from a 21 year old patient with a back injury who otherwise appears health:
whole blood glucose: 77mg/dl
serum glucose: 88mg/dl
CSF glucose: 56mg/dl
All values are consistent with a normal healthy individual
The preparation of a patient for a standard glucose tolerance testing should include:
a high carbohydrate diet for 3 days
If a fasting glucose was 90mg/dL, what would the 2-hour postpruandial glucose results most closely represent normal glucose metabolism?
100 mg/dL
define postpruandial
occurring after a meal
A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80mg/dL would have a simultaneously determined csf glucose value of?
50mg/dL
A 25 year old man became nauseated and vomited 90 minutes after receiving a standard 75g carbohydrate dose for an oral glucose tolerance test. best course of action?
draw blood for glucose and discontinue test
CSF for glucose assay should be
analyzed immediately
What 2 hour postprandial glucose value demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes melitus?
200 mg/dL
Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are
lower than adults
A 45 year old woman has a fasting serum of 95 mg/dL and a 2-hour postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/dL. The statement which best describes this patient’s fasting serum glucose concentration is
normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by the liver
Pregnant women with symptoms of thirst, frequent urination or unexplained weight loss should have what test performed?
glucose tolerance test
In the fasting state, the arterial and capillary blood glucose concentration varies from the venous glucose concentration by approximately how many mg/dL?
5 mg/dL
The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called
glycolysis
What values obtained during a glucose tolerance test are diagnostic of diabetus mellitus?
fasting plastma glucose 126mg/dL
The gylcated hemoglobin value represents the integrated values of glucose concentration during the preceding….?
6-8 weeks
Monitoring long-term glucose control in patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus can best be accomplished by measuring
hemoglobin A1C
Define hemoglobin A1C
simple blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months
Patient- type 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus has the following results:
fasting blood glucose- 150 mg/d: (ref range 70-110mg/dL)
hemoglobin A1C- 8.5% (ref range 4-6%)
frutosamine- 2.5 mmol/L (ref range 2.0-2.9mmol/L)
the patient is:
Improving state of metabolic control as indicated by the fructosamine
Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the
average blood glucose levels of the past 2-3 months
define glycosylated hemoglobin
form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to a sugar. Most monosaccharides spontaneously bond with hemoglobin when present in the blood stream
define glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose-6-phospahte on the amino-terminal valine of the beta chain
AIC
A patient with hemolytic anemia will
show a decrease in glycated Hgb value
In using ion-exchange chromatographic methods, falsely increased levels of Hgb A1C might be demonstrated in the presence of:
Hgb S
An increase in serum acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of:
carbohydrates
An infant with diarrhea is being evaluated for a carbohydrate intolerance. His stool yields a positive copper reduction test and a pH of 5.0. It should be concluded that:
Further tests are indicated
Blood samples were collected at the beginning of an exercise class and after thirty minutes of aerobic activity. What should be expected of the post-exercise sample?
elevated lactic acid, elevated pyruvate
What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency ?
H2 breath test
Which of the following is a glucose molecule with the hydroxyl group on the right side on C1?
α-glucose
Formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources describes what?
gluconeogenesis
In what form is glucose stored in the liver?
glycogen
Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and other intermediate products is called
glycogenolysis
The conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H20 is called
glycolysis
What inhibits glycolysis and glucose uptake by muscle cells and causes a rise in blood glucose levels
glucagon
What hormone has the ability to decrease blood glucose concentration?
insulin
Decreased blood glucose, increased insulin and low C-peptide is seen in
injection of exogenous insulin
What is the primary hyperglycemic hormone?
glucagon
what form of diabetes usually manifests itself later in life and is associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and glucosuria?
Type 2
what is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
low insulin levels, ketosis often accompanied by hyperglycemia, and high frequency of autoantibodies to islet cells (cells in the pancreas)
