Carbohydrates

Question 1

Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defines as a glucose of:

Answer 1

less than or equal to 45mg/dl

Question 2

The following results are from a 21 year old patient with a back injury who otherwise appears health:

whole blood glucose: 77mg/dl
serum glucose: 88mg/dl
CSF glucose: 56mg/dl

Answer 2

All values are consistent with a normal healthy individual

Question 3

The preparation of a patient for a standard glucose tolerance testing should include:

Answer 3

a high carbohydrate diet for 3 days

Question 4

If a fasting glucose was 90mg/dL, what would the 2-hour postpruandial glucose results most closely represent normal glucose metabolism?

Answer 4

100 mg/dL

Question 5

define postpruandial

Answer 5

occurring after a meal

Question 6

A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80mg/dL would have a simultaneously determined csf glucose value of?

Answer 6

50mg/dL

Question 7

A 25 year old man became nauseated and vomited 90 minutes after receiving a standard 75g carbohydrate dose for an oral glucose tolerance test. best course of action?

Answer 7

draw blood for glucose and discontinue test

Question 8

CSF for glucose assay should be

Answer 8

analyzed immediately

Question 9

What 2 hour postprandial glucose value demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes melitus?

Answer 9

200 mg/dL

Question 10

Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are

Answer 10

lower than adults

Question 11

A 45 year old woman has a fasting serum of 95 mg/dL and a 2-hour postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/dL. The statement which best describes this patient’s fasting serum glucose concentration is

Answer 11

normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by the liver

Question 12

Pregnant women with symptoms of thirst, frequent urination or unexplained weight loss should have what test performed?

Answer 12

glucose tolerance test

Question 13

In the fasting state, the arterial and capillary blood glucose concentration varies from the venous glucose concentration by approximately how many mg/dL?

Answer 13

5 mg/dL

Question 14

The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called

Answer 14

glycolysis

Question 15

What values obtained during a glucose tolerance test are diagnostic of diabetus mellitus?

Answer 15

fasting plastma glucose 126mg/dL

Question 16

The gylcated hemoglobin value represents the integrated values of glucose concentration during the preceding….?

Answer 16

6-8 weeks

Question 17

Monitoring long-term glucose control in patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus can best be accomplished by measuring

Answer 17

hemoglobin A1C

Question 18

Define hemoglobin A1C

Answer 18

simple blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months

Question 19

Patient- type 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus has the following results:

fasting blood glucose- 150 mg/d: (ref range 70-110mg/dL)
hemoglobin A1C- 8.5% (ref range 4-6%)
frutosamine- 2.5 mmol/L (ref range 2.0-2.9mmol/L)

the patient is:

Answer 19

Improving state of metabolic control as indicated by the fructosamine

Question 20

Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the

Answer 20

average blood glucose levels of the past 2-3 months

Question 21

define glycosylated hemoglobin

Answer 21

form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to a sugar. Most monosaccharides spontaneously bond with hemoglobin when present in the blood stream

Question 22

define glycolysis

Answer 22

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

Question 23

Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose-6-phospahte on the amino-terminal valine of the beta chain

Answer 23

AIC

Question 24

A patient with hemolytic anemia will

Answer 24

show a decrease in glycated Hgb value

Question 25

In using ion-exchange chromatographic methods, falsely increased levels of Hgb A1C might be demonstrated in the presence of:

Answer 25

Hgb S

Question 26

An increase in serum acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of:

Answer 26

carbohydrates

Question 27

An infant with diarrhea is being evaluated for a carbohydrate intolerance. His stool yields a positive copper reduction test and a pH of 5.0. It should be concluded that:

Answer 27

Further tests are indicated

Question 28

Blood samples were collected at the beginning of an exercise class and after thirty minutes of aerobic activity. What should be expected of the post-exercise sample?

Answer 28

elevated lactic acid, elevated pyruvate

Question 29

What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency ?

Answer 29

H2 breath test

Question 30

Which of the following is a glucose molecule with the hydroxyl group on the right side on C1?

Answer 30

α-glucose

Question 31

Formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources describes what?

Answer 31

gluconeogenesis

Question 32

In what form is glucose stored in the liver?

Answer 32

glycogen

Question 33

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and other intermediate products is called

Answer 33

glycogenolysis

Question 34

The conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H20 is called

Answer 34

glycolysis

Question 35

What inhibits glycolysis and glucose uptake by muscle cells and causes a rise in blood glucose levels

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

What hormone has the ability to decrease blood glucose concentration?

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

Decreased blood glucose, increased insulin and low C-peptide is seen in

Answer 37

injection of exogenous insulin

Question 38

What is the primary hyperglycemic hormone?

Answer 38

glucagon

Question 39

what form of diabetes usually manifests itself later in life and is associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and glucosuria?

Answer 39

Type 2

Question 40

what is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 40

low insulin levels, ketosis often accompanied by hyperglycemia, and high frequency of autoantibodies to islet cells (cells in the pancreas)