Carbohydrates Flashcards
Hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derives based on the location of CO functional group
Carbohydrates
Composed of monosaccharide,polysaccharide,oligosaccharides,disaccharides
Carbohydrates
Simplest carbohydrates
Glycol aldehyde
Glucose metabolism generates
Pyruvic acid, lactic acid, acetyl coenzyme A
The complete oxidation of glucose yields
Carbon dioxide,water,adenosine triphosphate
Reducing substance/sugars
Glucose,maltose,galactose,fructose,lactose
These presence will make glucose an active reducing substance
Double bond,negative charge in enol anion
most non-reducing sugar (does not contain aldehyde/ketone gtoup
sucrose
both endocrine and exocrine organ in control of carbohydrate metabolism
pancreas
why pancreas is an endocrine gland?
it secretes the hormones’ insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from different cells residing in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
why pancreas is an exocrine gland?
it produces and secretes an amylase responsible for the breakdown of ingested complex carbohydrates.
the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell
insulin
synthesized by the ______ of islets of insulin (insulin)
B-cells
only hormone that decreases glucose levels (hypoglycemic agent)
insulin
primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose – hyperglycemic agent.
glucagon
synthesized by the _____ of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. (glucagon)
a-cell
enhances catabolic functions during fasting periods; promotes ____
glycogenolysis
It promotes ______,____-,_____ and ____
glycogenolysis glycogenesis, lipogenesis and glycolysis; decrease glycogenolysis.
secreted by the cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex; decreased glucose entry;promote gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
cortisol and corticosteroids (glucocorticoids)
released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla;promote glycogenolysis and lipolysis
cathecholamines
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland;decreases entry of glucose into the cell;promotes glycogenolysis and glycolysis
growth hormone
promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and intestinal absorption of glucose.
thyroid hormone
stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex;promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
ACTH (adrenocorticothropic hormone)
is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas;synthesized in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus;primarily inhibits the action of insulin, growth hormone and glucagon
somastostatin
increase in blood glucose concentration; toxic to beta cell; cause stress, dehydration, pregnancy, severe infection, pancreatectomy, hemochromatosis, insulin deficiency or abnormal insulin receptor (>/ 126 mg/dL)
hyperglycemia
laboratory findings in hyperglycemic
Increase glucose in plasma and urine
Increase urine specific gravity
Ketones in serum and urine
Decrease blood and urine pH (acidosis)
Electrolyte imbalance (↓〖Na〗^+,↑K^+,↓〖hCO〗_3)
imbalance between glucose utilization and production;related to CNS
hypoglycemia
