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Biological Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most abundant biomolecule?

A

carbs

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2
Q

What are carbs used for? (4 answers)

A
  • cell walls
  • lubricating skeletal joints
  • cell recognition
  • adhesion
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3
Q

What do “glycoconjugates” do?

A

provide “labels” for cellular destinations

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4
Q

What is the general formula for carbs?

A

Cn(H20)n

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5
Q

What is an “aldose”?

A

carbonyl carbon (C=O) is 1st in chain

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6
Q

What is an “ketose”?

A

carbonyl carbon in 2nd position

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7
Q

What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

(C-H2O)n

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8
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

aldehydes or ketones containing 2 or more hydroxyl groups

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9
Q

What 2 smallest monosaccharides are isomers?

A
  • glyceraldehyde

- dihydroxyacetone

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10
Q

Draw D-glucose

A

CH20HCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO

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11
Q

Draw D-mannose

A

CH20HCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO

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12
Q

Draw D-galactose

A

CH20HCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO

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13
Q

Draw D-fructose

A

CH20HCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)C=OCH2OH

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14
Q

What is “stereochemistry”?

A

study of arrangement of atoms in 3D space

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15
Q

What is a “stereoisomer”?

A

molecules that have the same bonds connecting the same atoms but different orientations of bonds

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16
Q

What is “chirality”?

A

asymmetric molecules

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17
Q

What sugar is present in humans L or D?

A

D

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18
Q

What form are amino acids in, L or D for human usage?

A

L

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19
Q

What is an “epimer”?

A

differ only in configuration around one or many chiral carbons

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20
Q

What is an example of an epimer?

A

D-glucose and D-mannose

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21
Q

What is an “enantiomer”?

A

a chiral compound and its mirror image

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22
Q

What is an “optical isomer” an example of?

A

stereoisomer

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23
Q

What does “D” stand for in isomers?

A

dexter (right)

24
Q

What does “L” stand for in isomers?

A

laevus (left)

25
Q

What gives carbs diversity and specificity?

A

multiple chiral carbons present

26
Q

What are chiral carbons presented as?

A

Fischer projections

27
Q

In Fischer projections, where are the horizontal bonds pointing?

A

towards you

28
Q

In Fischer projections, where are the vertical bonds pointing?

A

away from you

29
Q

What is the “stereochemical configuration” of a sugar?

A

chiral carbon at the greatest distance from the carbonyl carbon

30
Q

To form a cyclic sugar, a reaction between 2 chemical groups occur to form a hemiacetal, what react together?

A

aldehyde and alcohol

31
Q

To form a cyclic sugar, a reaction between 2 chemical groups occur to form a hemiketal, what react together?

A

ketone and alcohol

32
Q

When -OH at C1 is below the plane of the ring, what is the molecule called?

A

alpha-anomer

33
Q

When -OH at C1 is above the plane of the ring, what is the molecule called?

A

beta-anomer

34
Q

What does a “Haworth projection” show?

A

3D representation of cyclic carbs

35
Q

What ring structure are hexose sugars derived from?

A

pyran

36
Q

What ring structure are pentose sugars derived from?

A

furan

37
Q

What does “-ose” indicate?

A

multiple hydroxyls

38
Q

How is cyclic glucose produced?

A

C-5 OH attacks C-1 aldehyde group (CHO)

39
Q

What is formed when glucose is cyclised?

A

intramolecular hemiacetal

40
Q

How is cyclic fructose produced?

A

C-5 OH attacks C-2 ketone group (COH)

41
Q

What is formed when fructose is cyclised?

A

intramolecular hemiketal

42
Q

What is “fructose”?

A

a 5 membered furanose ring or 6 membered pyranose ring

43
Q

What is “fructose” used in?

A

sweeteners

44
Q

What causes “chair” and “boat” conformations?

A

steric hindrance

45
Q

What are the 2 tests for aldehydes?

A
  • Fehling’s/Benedict’s Test

- Tollens’ Test

46
Q

What are the observations in Fehling’s/Benedict’s Test?

A

blue to red colour change (Positive) as Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+

47
Q

What sugar is not reduced during Benedict’s Test?

A

Sucrose

48
Q

What are the observations in Tollens’ Test?

A

Silver Mirror formation as Ag+ is reduced to AgO

49
Q

Why are sugars phosphorylated?

A

makes sugars anionic (negative) prevents them from leaving cell

50
Q

What are 2 examples of modified carbs?

A
  • glycoprotein

- glycolipid

51
Q

What is an “O-glycosidic bond”?

A

anomeric carbon atom and oxygen atom of an alcohol

52
Q

What is an “N-glycosidic bond”?

A

anomeric carbon atom and amine

53
Q

When a disaccharide is produced, what groups are formed? (2 answers)

A
  • two acetal groups

- one hemiacetal

54
Q

What are the monosaccharides of maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

55
Q

What are the monosaccharides of sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

56
Q

What are the monosaccharides of lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

57
Q

When an anomeric C atom and an O atom form a bond, what is the product called?

A

glycoside

Biological Chemistry (6 decks)

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