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BIOCHEM (lecture) > CARBOHYDRATE (Prelim) > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATE (Prelim) Flashcards

1
Q

chemical formula of carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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2
Q

types of simple carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHARIDE
DISACCHARIDE

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3
Q

a single sugar

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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4
Q

double sugars

A

DISACCHARIDE

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5
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A

GLUCOSE
GALACTOSE
FRUCTOSE

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6
Q

dextrose or blood sugar

A

Glucose

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7
Q

primary for fuel for the body

A

glucose

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8
Q

found in all disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

glucose

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9
Q

found in fruit, honey syrup

A

fructose

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10
Q

converts to glucose in the body

A

Fructose

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11
Q

part of lactose and found in milk

A

Galactose

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12
Q

The first drop of the mother’s breast milk

A

Colostrum

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13
Q

Examples of Disaccharide

A

MALTOSE
SUCROSE
LACTOSE

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14
Q

glucose + glucose = ?

A

Maltose

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15
Q

found in germinating seeds and used in fermentation to produce malted beverages such as beer and whiskey

A

Maltose

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16
Q

refined from sugar beets and cane

A

Sucrose

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17
Q

glucose + fructose = ?

A

Sucrose

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18
Q

glucose + galactose = ?

A

Lactose

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19
Q

milk sugar

A

Lactose

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20
Q

missing digestive enzyme needed to split into two monosaccharide parts to absorb it

A

Lactose intolerance

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21
Q

A complex carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharides

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22
Q

example of polysaccharides

A

GLYCOGEN
STARCGES
FIBERS

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23
Q

long chains of glucose found in Animals

A

Glycogen

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24
Q

stored in liver and muscles, helps maintain blood glucose and important source of “quick energy” especially during exercise

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

long chains of glucose found in Plants

A

Starch

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26
Q

starch is present at ______

A
  1. Cereal Grains (wheat, rice, corn)
  2. Legumes (beans & peas)
  3. Root vegetables (potatoes)
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27
Q

Mostly indigestible CHO; gums, mucilages, lignin

A

Fiber

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28
Q

component of plant cell wall

A

fiber

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29
Q

abundant in whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables

A

FIBER

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30
Q

non-viscous

A

Insoluble fibers

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31
Q

viscous and fermentable

A

soluble fibers

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32
Q

insoluble fibers such as _____

A

cellulose
lignins

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33
Q

soluble fibers such as ____

A

pectins
gums
mucilages

34
Q

salivary amylase

35
Q

fibers and satiety

36
Q

enzymes present in small intestine

A

maltase
sucrase
lactase

37
Q

fermentation of viscous fibers; water, gas, short chain fatty acid production

A

Large intestine

38
Q

Organs in Digestion

A

MOUTH
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
PANCREAS
LARGE INTESTINE

39
Q

pancreatic amylase

40
Q

_______, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi

A

Monosaccharides

41
Q

Monosaccharides, the end products of ______, enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi

A

carbohydrate digestion

42
Q

Monosaccharides, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the ______ of the intestinal villi

A

capillaries

43
Q

Monosaccharides, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the capillaries of the ______

A

intestinal villi

44
Q

monosaccharides travel to the _____ via the portal vein

45
Q

monosaccharides travel to the liver via the _______

A

portal vein

46
Q

______ travel to the liver via the portal vein

A

monosaccharides

47
Q

in the _____, galactose and fructose are converted into glucose

48
Q

in the liver, galactose and fructose are converted into _____

49
Q

in the liver, _______ are converted into glucose

A

galactose and fructose

50
Q

glucose in the body are:

A
  1. Used for energy
  2. Stored as glycogen
  3. Made from protein
  4. Converted to fat
51
Q

the glucose in the body is stored as glycogen where there is ____ in the liver and ____ in the muscles

A

1/3 in the liver;
2/3 in the muscle

52
Q

made from protein

A

gluconeogenesis

53
Q

when in excess of body’s needs, glucose in the body is _____

A

converted to fat

54
Q

Regulating Hormones

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Epinephrine
55
Q

maintain glucose homeostasis

A

regulating hormones

56
Q

moves glucose from the blood into cells

57
Q

signals the liver to release glucose into the blood

58
Q

released when emergency fuel needed

A

epinephrine

59
Q

a diabetes due to failure of insulin production

60
Q

diabetes due to obesity

61
Q

diabetes rare in healthy people

A

Hypoglycemia

62
Q

glycemic index

A

Glycemic Response

63
Q

Accusations against sugat

A
  1. causes obesity
  2. causes heart disease
  3. causes misbehavior in children, criminal behavior in adults
  4. causes cravings and addiction
64
Q

health effects of sugar

A
  1. contains no nutrient and may contribute to malnutrition
  2. causes dental carries
  3. does not cause but can contribute to: diabetes, obesity, heart disease and behavioral problems
65
Q

Dietary reference intake(DRI) for sugar

A

not more than 25% of total energy intake;
limit added sugars to <10% of total energy intake

66
Q

complex carbohydrates and fiber may reduce the risk of:

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Gl health
  3. Weight management
  4. Diabetes
  5. Cancer
67
Q

Diet high in complex CHO tend to be:

A
  1. Lower in fat and calories
  2. Higher in fiber, vitamins and minerals
68
Q

Alternative Sweeteners (2)

A
  1. Sugar Alcohols
  2. Artificial Sweeteners
69
Q

sugar alcohol examples

A

MANNITOL
SORBITOL
XYLITOL

70
Q

sugar substitutes (calorie-free); in moderation, useful for blood sugar and weight control

A

Artificial Sweeteners

71
Q

sugar alcohols may cause:

A

gas abdominal discomfort and diarrhea

72
Q

Artificial Sweeteners examples

A

SACCHARIN
ASPARTAME
ACESULFAME-K
SUCRALOSE

73
Q

saccharin means

A

“sweet N low” or “sugar twin”

74
Q

aspartame means

A

“equal” or “nutrasweet”

75
Q

Acesulfame-K means

A

“sunette” or “sweet one”

76
Q

sucralose means

A

“splenda”

77
Q

Alternatives to sugar (4)

A

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Artificial Sweeteners and Weight Control
Saccharin and Cancer
Aspartame and PKU

78
Q

used to figure calories per ounce for wine and distilled spirits

A

RULE OF THUMB

79
Q

formula to obtain the calories/ounce of a wine

A

percent of alcohol by volume multiplied by 2

80
Q

formula to obtain calories per ounce of a distilled spirits(hard liquor)

A

proof minus 15

81
Q

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Carbohydrates

A

• 130 g/day
• 45% - 65% total daily energy intake
Daily value: 300 g/day

82
Q

Daily value for fiber

A

25 g/day

AI: 14g/1000kcal per day

BIOCHEM (lecture) (2 decks)

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