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Basic Medical Biochemistry > Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycolysis > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycolysis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How many carbohydrate nomenclatures are there and what are they?

A

3: Hexose, Pentose, and D/L Sugars

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2
Q

How many carbons are in a hexose?

A

6

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3
Q

What are examples of a hexoses?

A

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, and galactose

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4
Q

Hexoses are also named what?

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

How many carbons are on a pentose sugar?

A

5

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6
Q

What are examples of a pentose sugar?

A

DNA, RNA, NADH, etc.

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7
Q

In a pentose sugar, the OH is located on what carbon?

A

2’ carbon

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8
Q

What does a the OH being on a 2’ carbon mean?

A

Less stable meaning that RNA degrades quickly

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9
Q

An OH attached to a 2’ carbon is an indication of what molecule?

A

RNA

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10
Q

An H added on a 2’ carbon is an indication of what molecule?

A

DNA

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11
Q

When an OH is positioned downward on a hexose, what kind of stereoisomer is this?

A

Alpha

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12
Q

When an OH is positioned downward on a hexose, what type of stereoisomer is present?

A

Beta

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13
Q

D and L Sugars are known as what?

A

Enantiomers

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14
Q

What are most sugars in mammals known as?

A

D- Sugars

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15
Q

What are enatiomers?

A

Mirroring images of each other

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16
Q

What is the function of glycolysis?

A

To convert glucose to three carbon compounds using the formation of ATP.

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Inside all cells, located specifically in the cytosol

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18
Q

How many steps are there in Glycolysis?

A

Ten

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19
Q

What is being converted from beginning to end of this process?

A

Glucose being converted into pyruvate

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20
Q

What is the initial requirement for ATP?

A

2 ATP

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21
Q

What is the NET production of ATP?

A

2

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22
Q

What is the oxidative step in Glycolysis?

A

NAD+ being reduced to NADH

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23
Q

When NAD+ is reduced to NADH, why is this needed?

A

To be replenished via fermentation or aerobic respiration

24
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

25
Q

What does the enzyme phosphofructokinase convert?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate

26
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose converting to glucose-6-phosphate

27
Q

Glucose enters through … via …

A

Glut transporter via passive transport

28
Q

What does hexokinase do to glucose?

A

Phosphorylates it so it won’t be allowed to leave the cell.

29
Q

Hexokinase is found in what?

A

All liver cells

30
Q

Glucokinase is found where?

A

Only in in liver and pancreatic beta cells

31
Q

What is the 2nd step of glycolysis through what enzyme?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate converted to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphohexose
ISOMERASE

32
Q

What does the rate limting step of phosphofructokinase indicate?

A

Addition of phosphate groups, making it mire vulnerable for cleavage by ALDOLASE

33
Q

What is the 3rd step of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate converted to fructose-1,6-biphosphate via the rate-limiting step of phosphofructokinase

34
Q

What is the 4th step of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate converted to dihydroxyacetone (via ALDOLASE) /glyceraaldehyde-3-phosphate (via PHOSPHOTIROSE ISOMERASE)

35
Q

Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are what?

A

INTERCHANGEABLE

36
Q

What is the 5th step of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate converted to 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate via GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE

37
Q

What is the 6th step of glycolysis?

A

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate converted to 3-Phosphoglycerate via PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE

38
Q

What is the 7th step of glycolysis?

A

3-phosphoglycerate converted to 2-phospho-glycerate via PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE

39
Q

What is the 8th step of Glycolysis?

A

2-phospho-glycerate converted to Phosphoenolpyriuvate via ENOLASE

40
Q

What is the 9th step of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate converted into Pyruvate via PYRUVATE KINASE

41
Q

During the conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, what is yield to create the product 3-phosphoglycerate?

A

ADP which converts to ATP

42
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Substrate particles in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that yields ATP or GTP

43
Q

Glycolytic flux is controlled by the need for what?

A

ATP and/or for intermediates

44
Q

Where does the control for glycolytic flux occur?

A

Sites of irreversible reactions

45
Q

What are the minor regulations?

A

Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase

46
Q

What does phosphofructokinase respond to changes in?

A

Energy state of the cell, H+ concentration, Availability of alternate fuels, and Insulin/glucagon ratio

47
Q

What is inhibited in high energy state of a cell?

A

High ATP (product)

48
Q

What is inhibited of a H+ concentration?

A

High lactate levels (by-product (anaerobic))

49
Q

What is inhibited of the availability of alternate fuels?

A

High citrate levels

50
Q

the effect of fructose-2,6-biphosphate is an allosteric … ?

A

Activator

51
Q

Since F-2,6-BP is an allosteric activator, this means there is an increase or decrease in activity of phosphofructokinase?

A

Increase

52
Q

An increase of blood glucose = and increase of … that yields …

A

Insulin that yields glycolysis

53
Q

A decrease of blood glucose = an increase of … that inhibits …

A

Glucagon that inhibits glycolysis

54
Q

During the regulation of Pyruvate Kinase, a decrease in blood glucose = a … ?

A

Decrease of glycolysis

55
Q

Pyruvate kinase is the site of what regulation?

A

Secondary regulation

56
Q

The site of secondary regulation of pyruvate kinase undergoes what?

A

Phosphophorylation-dephosphorylation

Basic Medical Biochemistry (3 decks)

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