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carbohydrate metabolism > carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

glucokinase

A

present in pancreatic beta-islet cells as part of glucose sensor. responsive to insulin in liver.

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2
Q

hexokinase

A

traps glucose

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3
Q

PFK-1

A

RLS

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4
Q

PFK-2

A

produces F2,6-BP, which activates PFK-1

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5
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

produces NADH

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6
Q

3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase

A

perform substrate-level phosphorylation

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7
Q

glycokinase/hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase catalyze

A

irreversible reactions

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8
Q

NADH produced in glycolysis is oxidized aerobically by

A

mitochondrial ETC

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9
Q

NADH produced in glycolysis is oxidized anaerobically by

A

cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. stimulated by insulin and inhibited by acetyl-CoA

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11
Q

location of tca

A

mito matrix

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12
Q

main purpose tca

A

oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generate high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and GTP

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13
Q

draw tca

A

see sheet

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14
Q

site of etc

A

takes place on matrix-facing surface of inner mitochondrial membrane

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15
Q

highest reduction potential of etc

A

oxygen

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16
Q

how does nadh even get to etc?

A

one of two shuttle mechanisms: glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle or malate-aspartate shuttle

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17
Q

IMS relative proton concentration

A

higher than in matrix

18
Q

chemiosmotic coupling

A

how proton gradient is used to power ox-phos

19
Q

proton-motive force

A

electrochemical gradient generated by ETC across inner mitochondrial membrane

20
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme responsible for generating ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate

21
Q

Energy yield of glycolysis

A

2 NADH and 2 ATP

22
Q

energy yield of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

1 NADH per pyruvate, 2 per glucose

23
Q

energy yield of TCA

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP per pyruvate, twice that per glucose

24
Q

ATP per NADH

A

2.5

25
Q

ATP per FADH2

A

1.5

26
Q

yield of ATP per glucose

A

30-32

27
Q

glycogenesis

A

building up of glycogen using 2 main enzymes

28
Q

enzymes of glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthase and branching enzyme

29
Q

glycogen synthase

A

creates alpha-1,4 glycosidic links between glucose molecules. activated by insulin in liver and muscles.

30
Q

branching enzyme

A

moves block of oligoglucose from one chain and connects it as branch using alpha-1,6 glycosidic link

31
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen using the two main enzymes glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

32
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

removes single glucose 1-phosphate molecules by breaking alpha-1,4 glycosidic links. in liver, it is activated by glucagon to prevent low blood sugar. in exercising skeletal muscle, it is activated by epinephrine and AMP to provide glucose for the muscle itself.

33
Q

debranching enzyme

A

moves block of oligoglucose from one branch and connects it to the chain using an alpha-1,4-glycosidic link

34
Q

site of gluconeo

A

both in cytoplasm and mitochondria, predominantly in liver. essentially reverse of glycolysis

35
Q

the three steps of glycolysis that must be bypassed by different enzymes in gluconeo

A

pyruvate kinase, PFK-1, hekokinase/glucokinase

36
Q

gluconeo replacement of pyruvate kinase

A

pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase

37
Q

gluconeo replacement of PFK-1

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

38
Q

gluconeo replacement of hexokinase/glucokinase

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

39
Q

pentose phosphate pathway occurs

A

in cytoplasm of most cells, generating NADPH and sugars for biosynthesis

40
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is activated by NADP+ and insulin, and inhibited by NADPH

41
Q

draw ETC

A
42
Q

draw TCA

A

carbohydrate metabolism (2 decks)

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