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Final Cc > Carbohydrate > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Flashcards

1
Q

4 biomolecules:

A

Glucose
Protein
Nucleic acid
Lipids

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2
Q

Central ingredient for life

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Derivatives of carbohydrates

A

Phosphate
Sulfates
Amines

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4
Q

derivates based on the location of the CO functional group.

A

Aldehyde
Ketone

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5
Q

is the simplest carbohydrate (CHO).

A

Glycol aldehyde

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6
Q

1 sugar is called

A

Monosaccharide

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7
Q

2 sugar called

A

Disaccharide

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8
Q

2-10 sugar called

A

Oligosaccharide

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9
Q

Greater than 10 sugar called

A

Polysaccharide

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10
Q

is the only carbohydrate to be directly used for
the cell with the help of insulin, it is quickly

A

Glucose

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11
Q

pathway to ATP production

A

Pyruvic acid

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12
Q

breakdown dextrin into shorter
carbohydrate chain

A

Pancreatic amylase

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13
Q

Secreted by the intestinal cells

A

Disaccharide

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14
Q

formed in anaerobic conditions
because of ex. loss of oxygen

A

Lactic acid

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15
Q

Breakdowns starch into maltose

A

Salivary amylase

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16
Q

breakdown sucrose into glucose
and fructose

A

Sucrase

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17
Q

breaks the bond between 2
glucose units of maltose

A

Maltase

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18
Q

breaks down lactose into
galactose and glucose

A

Lactase

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19
Q

Reducing substances/sugars:

A

glucose, maltose,
fructose, lactose and galactose

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20
Q

is the most common nonreducing sugar.

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

center carbon of sugar

A

Anomeric carbon

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22
Q

Most important carbon compounds

A

Pentose carbon compounds

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23
Q

functional group: sugar

A

Aldose

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24
Q

functional group: ketone

A

Ketose

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25
Q

Straight chain or cyclic (linked in hemiacetal form)

A

Fischer projection

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26
Q

More representative of the actual structure Formed when the functional group (ketone or
aldehyde) reacts with an alcohol group on the same
sugar to form a ring (hemiacetal ring)

A

Haworth projection

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27
Q

Models to Represent Carbohydrates

A

Fischer projection
Haworth projection

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28
Q

Formation of the fatty
acid.

A

Lipogenesis

29
Q

breakdown of fatty acids.

A

Lipolysis

30
Q

Glycolysis Also known as

A

Embden meyerhof pathway

31
Q

Conversion of glucose into glucose 6-PO4 by

A

Hexokinase

32
Q

Formation of glucose

A

Glycogenesis

33
Q

is synthesized depending on the demand for
glucose and ATP

A

Glycogen

34
Q

Breakdown of glycogen

A

Glycogenolysis

35
Q

Hormones that promote glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine

36
Q

Formation of GLUCOSE from non-carbohydrate
sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

37
Q

Substrate that can be converted into glucose to
maintain normal glucose level in the blood

A

Lactate, pyruvate, amino acid glycerol

38
Q

Starting point of this process of gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvic acid

39
Q

It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ in the
control of carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Pancreas

40
Q

It is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of
glucose into the cell

A

Insulin

41
Q

It is the only hormone that decreases glucose levels

A

Insulin

42
Q

Insulin It is synthesized by the

A

B cell

43
Q

It is the primary hormone responsible for increasing
glucose - hyperglycemia agent.

A

Glucagon

44
Q

Glucagon It is synthesized by the

A

A cell

45
Q

It is released during stress and fasting states.

A

Glucagon

46
Q

Fasting plasma glucagon concentrations is normally

A

25-50 pg/mL.

47
Q

These are secreted by the cells of the zona
fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal
cortex.

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids (Glucocorticosteroids)

48
Q

These are released from the chromaffin cells of the
adrenal medulla (middle of adrenal glands)

A

Catecholamines

49
Q

It is an increase in blood glucose concentration.

A

Hyperglycemia

50
Q

Causes of hyperglycemia

A

stress, severe infection; dehydration or
pregnancy, pancreatectomy, hemochromatosis,
insulin deficiency or abnormal insulin receptor.

51
Q

is high as a result of
hyperglycemia; sodium concentrations tend to be
lower due in part to losses

A

Serum osmolality

52
Q

patients are more likely to produce
ketones as opposed to type 2 DM.

A

Type 1 DM

53
Q

Can cause comatose

A

Hypoglycemia

54
Q

It involves decreased glucose levels and can have
many causes.

A

Hypoglycemia

55
Q

A diagnosis of hypoglycemia should not be made
unless a patient meets the criteria of

A

Whipple triad

56
Q

Whipple’s triad is a collection of three criteria called

A

Whipple criteria

57
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A

Neurogenic
Neuroglycopenic

58
Q

Classification of Hypoglycemia

A

Drug administration
Critical illness
Hormonal deficiency
Endogenous hyperinsulinism
Autoimmune hypoglycemia
Non beta cell tumor
Hypoglycemia infancy and childhood
Alimentary hypoglycemia
Idiopathic

59
Q

develops in DM from excessive synthesis of
acetyl-CoA,

A

Ketosis

60
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus AKA

A
  • Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
    (IDDM)
    − The body depends in insulin
  • Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus
  • Brittle Diabetes
  • Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
61
Q

absolute
insulin deficiency

A

Insulinopenia

62
Q

the major locus is the major
histocompatibility complex on chromosome number

A

HLA DR4 and DR4

63
Q

Type 1 Signs and symptoms:

A

polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, rapid weight loss, hyperventilation,
mental confusion and possible loss of consciousness.

64
Q

It is a form of type 1 diabetes that has no known
etiology; it is strongly inherited.

A

Idiopathic type 1 DM

65
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus aka

A

Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- Adult Type/Maturity Onset Diabetes Mellitus
- Stable Diabetes
- Ketosis-Resistant Diabetes
- Receptor-Deficient Diabetes Mellitus

66
Q

It has been described as a geneticist’s nightmare.

A

Type 2 DM

67
Q

It occurs during pregnancy and disappears after
delivery but, in some cases, returned years later.

A

Gestational diabetes

68
Q

The screening and diagnosis of GDM is by the
performance of a

A

2 hour OGTT USING 75g glucose load

Final Cc (3 decks)

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