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KP322 > CARB ENERGY > Flashcards

CARB ENERGY Flashcards

1
Q

energy

A

dynamic state i.e. mech work, chem, electrical

ability to produce energy determines exercise capacity

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2
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chem rxns in body…breakdown and syntehsis

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3
Q

caratbolism vs anabolism

A

catabolism: molecule breakdown
anabolism: molecule synthesis

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4
Q

bioenergenics

A

converting food into usable energy

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5
Q

ATP

A

adenine and ribose
- adenosine triphosphate

lots of energy held w/in bonds

supplied by anabolic metabolism

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6
Q

why don’t we store much ATP

A

normal ATP storage is 80-100g when we produce 25kg/day

cannot sustainably gain/lose the weight

limited stores bcs extremely heavy

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7
Q

enzymes

A

protein molecules that catalyze rxns

SPEED up not cause

in metabolism, regulate the catabolism/breakdown of compounds to produce energy

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8
Q

oxidation vs reduction

A

oxidation: lose electron, more positive
reduction: gain electron

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9
Q

factors that effect enzyme effectiveness

A
  1. cofactor: inorganic non-protein component i.e. Mg
    - called coenzyme if organic ie. NAD
  2. substrate concentration: amt and available…can become saturated
  3. modulator: stim or inhibits i.e. hormones
  4. temperature: falls apart when too high away from ideal
  5. ph: lose function away from optimal…acidity more impact
  6. enzyme concentration: more enzyme = faster
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10
Q

types of enzyme competition

A

competitive: molecules compete for binding sites
- prevent desired rxn from happening

non-competitive: molecule binds to non-binding site and causes conformational change

feedback inhibition: the products of the rxn inhibit production
- says to slow down

enzyme activity: how likely enzyme is to catalyze rxn

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11
Q

oxidase

A

catalyzes oxidation-reduction rxns involving o2

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12
Q

kinase

A

transfers phosphate group

phosphorylation

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13
Q

phosphorylase

A

adds Pi

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14
Q

dehydrogenase

A

removes H

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15
Q

phosphatase

A

removes phosphate group

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16
Q

2 factors impacting energy production

A
  1. total energy demand
  2. rate of demand

these factors are coupled

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17
Q

PCr

A

aka phosphagen system
- does NOT require o2
- only lasts seconds, strong but brief bursts
- initiation of exercise and workload transition

PCr + ADP –> ATP + Cr

immediately produces 1 ATP/unit of substrate
- limited process to amount of PCr
- low production capacity

18
Q

how is ATP made in emergency

A

i.e. ADP + AMP
- when run out of PCr and need FAST

adenylate kinase: catalyzes conversion of various adenosine phosphates

19
Q

glycogen vs glucose

A

glucose: single monomer
glycogen: polymer of glucose (many molecules) to store carvs

20
Q

glycogenesis vs gluconeogenesis

A

glycogenesis: glycogen to glucose
- so glycolysis may occur, bcs we do NOT store much glucose

gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from non-carb sources i.e. fat, protein
- occurs during exercise in liver

21
Q

glycolysis

A

produces pyruvate
- fate of pyruvate determined by o2 availability…becomes lactate when anaerobic, becomes acetyl coa w o2

glycolysis = anaerobic state

22
Q

energy investment phase of glycolysis

A

glucose –> G6P by adding Pi
- break down an ATP to add Pi
- via hexokinase

molecule is rearranged, then 2nd ATP used to change into fructose 1,6 biphosphate
- via phosphofructokinase/PFK
- then splits into 2 G3P (end product)

23
Q

blood glucose vs musc glycogen energy investment

A

blood glucose –> G6P via hexokinase

musc glycogen does NOT need ATP
- glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose from glycogen and adds Pi
- a mutase changes it to G6P

24
Q

how much ATP used in energy investment phase

A

1 or 2

1 for glycogen
2 for blood glucose

25
Q

energy generation phase glycolysis

A

occurs TWICE, one per G3P

G3P is oxidized then phosphorylated
- produces NAD –> NADH (2 total)
- prods 2 ATP (4 total)
- prods 2 pyruvate

NADH goes to ETC

some H produced, which goes to aerobic energy system or to create lactic acid

26
Q

glycolysis energy tally

A

blood glucose:
- 4 ATP
- 2 ATP invested
- net 2 ATP

glycogen
- 4 ATP
- 1 ATP invested
- net 3 ATP

27
Q

lactic acid vs lactate

A

lactate is the salt of lactic acid

dissociation causes H and lactate

28
Q

lactate uses and at rest

A

at rest, some lactate produced even w adequate o2

law of mass action: if available, will be used
- LDH -> lactic acid

lactate generation allows the REGENERATION OF NAD from NADH
- allows NAD to be used at G3P
- without this, glycolysis couldn’t move past G3P…no ATP production

29
Q

sources of carb during exercise

A

muscle glucose: primary source in high intensity, supplies most in the first hour

blood glucose: primary source when low intensity, long duration

30
Q

the oxidative system

A

aka oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic metabolism

most complex energy system because uses both carb and FAT

31
Q

where do TCA and ETC take place

A

both w/in mitochondria

ETC w/in mitochondrial membrane

TCA w/in inner membrane space

32
Q

how does pyruvate become acetyl coa

A

in presence of o2, pyruvate dehydrogenase turns pyruvate to acetyl coa
- causes to lose a carbon

acetyl coa: major substrate in oxidative metabolism

33
Q

TCA cycle

A

aka tricarboxylic acid cycle, aka krebs
- complete oxidation of food stuff/H removal
- H maintains potential energy

acetyl coa –> co2 and H

acetyl coa combines w oxaloacetate to make citrate, starting the cycle
- cycle bcs start w citrate, ends w oxaloacetate
- comb w acetyl coa to start again

citrate synthase: increases w aerobic metabolism

34
Q

important krebs steps/draw TCA

A
  1. citrate –> isocitrate
  2. isocitrate –> a-ketoglutarate
    - removes co2 and makes NADH
  3. a-keto to succinyl coa
    - makes NADH and CO2
  4. one direct ATP made from succinyl coa to succinate
    - via GDP + Pi –> GTP
    - makes ADP –> ATP
  5. succinate –> fumarate
    - makes FADH2
  6. malate to oxaloacetate
    - makes NADH
35
Q

krebs cycle tally

A

ONE acetyl coa makes:
- net 3 NADH
- net 1 FADH2
- net 1 direct ATP

= (3 x 2.5) + (1 x 1.5) + 1
= 10 ATP per acetyl coa
= 20 ATP total

36
Q

why do NADH and FADH2 produce different energy

A

energy is also used to transport ATP out of the mitochondria

37
Q

ETC

A

electron transport chain
- uses potential energy of H carriers NADH and FADH2 to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP
- electrochem grad gives energy for ATP phosphorylation

cytochromes: e- carriers…e- removed then passed thru cytochromes
- like magnets, o2 pulls e- thru
- order of protons is important, get stronger as go

ETC is same as oxidative phosphorylation
- krebs is NOT oxidative p

38
Q

chemiosmosis

A

mechanism explaining aerobic formation of ATP

movement of H ions across inner mito memb
- causes H gradient across memb

energy released forms ATP, and H ions diffuse back in

accumulation of H creates potential energy

39
Q

cytochrome oxidase

A

the complex that turns o2 and h to h2o

ETS is series of oxidation-reduction rxns
- electrochemical grad made when H is pumped from inner memb to intermembrane space

when 2 H return, cytochrome oxidase transfers them to 1/2 o2 molecule and makes water

40
Q

total ATP from all carb systems

A

glycolysis
- 2/3 direct ATP
- 5 ATP from 2 NADH

PDH rxn (pyruvate to acetyl coa)
- 5 ATP from 2 NADH

Krebs/ETC
- 2 direct ATP
- 18 from 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

total = 32-33 ATP

KP322 (7 decks)

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