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carb Flashcards

1
Q

major source of energy for the body

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

sugars must be coverted to____ for body use

A

glucose

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3
Q

carbohydrates is stored as______ in _______

A

glycogen in kuscle and liver

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4
Q

w aldehyde /ketone group

A

reducing

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5
Q

w/o aldehyde and keton

A

non reducing

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6
Q

cannot be HYDROLYSED into simple form

A

monosaccaharide

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7
Q

_______ end product of CHO

A

glucose

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8
Q

_______:levulose

A

fructose

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9
Q

______: ribose and deoxyribose

A

galactose

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10
Q

glucose +glucose

A

maltose

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11
Q

glucose+galactose

A

lactose

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12
Q

glucose+ fructose

A

sucrose(table sugar)

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13
Q

3-10sugars

A

oligo

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14
Q

more than 10 : starch, glycogen, cellulose

A

polysach

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15
Q

glucose-pyruvate(aerobic)l lactate(an) +ATP

A

glycolysis

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16
Q

glucose to glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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17
Q

glucose to lipid/fat

A

lipogenesis

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18
Q

non cho to gluc

A

gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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20
Q

fat to ketone bodies

A

lipolysis

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21
Q

beta cells, hypoglycemic hormone

A

insulin

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22
Q

produce delta cells to supress ins. and gluc

A

somatostatin

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23
Q

hyperclycemic agents

A

“GAGCHET”
glucagon
ACTH
GH
Cortisol
Human placental Lactogen
Epinephrine
Thyroxine (12.9)

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24
Q

hyperglycemia

A

diabetes milletus

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25
Q

brittle/juvenile/ketosis prone

A

Type 1

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26
Q

most common: non insulin dependent, adult type, stable Ketosis resistant

A

type 2

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27
Q

pathogenesis : beta cell destruction
(autoimmune HLA-Dr3/4)

A

type 1

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28
Q

under production of insulin /insulin resistant

29
Q

risk favtor for type 1dm

A

genetic: chromosome 6 / autoimmune

30
Q

risk favtor of type 2

A

genetic ,obesity, lifestyle

31
Q

c peptide

A

type 1: undetectable
2: detectable

32
Q

ketosis

A

type 1 ( beta hydroxybutyrate
type 2 rare

33
Q

very low serum insulin:

A

type 1

type 2: normal/ high

34
Q

insulin absolute

A

type 1

oral agent- type 2

35
Q

glucose intolerance during preg

A

gestational diabetes milletus

36
Q

fbs 3 hour ogtt
____pregnant
____adult/standard
____child

A

100-75-1.75

37
Q

one step approach

A

2hr ppg with 75

38
Q

two step

A

if 1ht ppg more than 140—— OGTT

39
Q

gestational duabetes screening

A

24-48 weeks
converts to DM TYPE 2 10 YRS

40
Q

guideline in ogtt

A

pxt: 150glm of CHO 3 days prior
no excercise
fasting
*measure FBS
if >140= terminate the test
( may diabetes na talaga)
if fasting glu <140 administer glucose

41
Q

gestational diabetes screening

A

Fbs>95h/dL
1hour: >180
2 hours: >155
3 hours: > 140

42
Q

BMI
normal:

A

underweight: <18
normal 18-24.9
overweight: 25-29.9
obese>30

43
Q

fasting plasma glucose normal

A

70-100
imapaired: 100-125
diag:>=126

44
Q

resting /random plasma gluc

A

normal=<140

impaired: 140-199
diagnostic:>=200

same with 2 hour ogtt

45
Q

hba1c
normal

A

normal <5.7%

impaired: 5.7-6.4
>=6.5

46
Q

low glucose <60 mg/dL

A

whipple’s triad
observable:50-55
panic :<40
65-70=glucagon and other glycemic
5 hr gtt(72 hrs fasting) measure proinsulin

47
Q

requested du4inh emergency, insulin shock, hyperglycemic ketonic coma

48
Q

best measure gluc homeostasis:

A

FBS
8-10 HOURS

LIPIDS
12-14 HOURS

49
Q

measure how body metab glucose,
diagnosis of gestational

A

2hr post prandial test

50
Q

how body metab gluc on a period of time
diag. gestational diab

51
Q

single dose ogtt

A

janney isaacson meth

52
Q

double dose ogtt

A

exton rose method

53
Q

long term (2-3 months)inidcating compliance and efficacy of DM therapy
(AVERAGE PLASMA GLUC CONCENTRATION)

54
Q

every 3-6 months
2x a year
EDTA WHOLE BLOOD

55
Q

1% change hba1c

56
Q

Methods based on structural differences

A

✨immunoassyas
✨AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY- PREFFERED

57
Q

methods based on charge differences

A

ion exch. .
elec
HPLC

58
Q

short term :3-6 weeks
useful for shortened rbc lifesapan

A

glycated albumin fructosamin

59
Q

strips using
GLUCOSE OXIDASE, PEROXIDASE:
REFLECTANCE METER.
HEMOCUE : GLUC. DEHYDROGENASE METH

60
Q

specimen consideration!

A

venous plasma gluc
>30 min: NA FLUORIDE
METAB: RT at 7 mg/dL/hr
WB < serum ( 10-15%)
chem enzymatic >5-15
10% contam 5% dextrose= ^500 mg/dL

61
Q

serum separated from cells within 1._________
glucose is metabolized at 4c at 2._________
venous glucose is 3________ lower than capil
1% increase =4_______^in plasma blood glucose
BG normalizes within 5.______ after meal!

A
  1. 1 hour
  2. 2mg/dL/hr
  3. 7 mg/dL
  4. 35 mg/dL
  5. 1.5-2 hours
62
Q

Red. of cupric to cuprous ions= cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction Methods

63
Q

arsenomolybdic acid=
ARSENOMOLYBDENUM BLUE

A

Nelson Somogyi

64
Q

phosphomolybdic acid=
PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM BLUE

65
Q

neocuproine2+ = YELLOW

A

NEOCUPROINE

66
Q

Inverse Colorimetry : Glucose+ Ferric cyanide
(YELLOW)=FERROCYANIDE (COLORLESS)

A

hige dorn jen sen method/ferric reduction method

67
Q

condensation of CHO with aromatic AMINES producing SCHIFF BASES

A

ortho-toluidine/dubowski method

68
Q

it measure B-D- glucose( MOST SPECIFIC ENZYME REACTING TO GLUCOSE)
It also measure csf and urine glucose

A

GLUCOSE OXIDASE

carbohydrates (4 decks)

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