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MANU > Capsules and Tablets > Flashcards

Capsules and Tablets Flashcards

1
Q

___ together with ___ are the most
preferable dosage form when taken orally, as it is conveniently carried, readily identified and easily taken.

A

Capsules; tablets

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2
Q

Capsules are solid pharmaceutical dosage forms in
which the drug or a mixture of drugs is enclosed in a ___ or any other suitable material.

A

Gelatin Shell

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3
Q

Advantages of Capsules

A
  • Attractive in appearance
  • Tasteless, odorless, and easily administered
  • Mask the taste and odor of unpleasant drugs
  • Easy to handle and carry
  • The shells are physiologically inert and easily and quickly digested in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Slippery when moist and, hence, easy to swallow with a draught of water.
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4
Q

Disadvantages of Capsules

A
  • Not suitable for liquids that dissolve gelatin
  • Not useful for efflorescent or deliquescent materials.
  • Concentrated solutions which require previous dilution are unsuitable for capsules because if
    administered as such lead to irritation of the stomach.
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5
Q

Main Types of Capsules

A
  • Hard Gelatin
  • Soft Gelatin
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6
Q

The shells of the capsules may be composed of two pieces:

A

a body and a cap

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7
Q

Two-piece capsules are commonly referred to as ___

A

hard-shell capsules

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8
Q

One-piece capsules are often referred to as ___

A

soft-shell capsules

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9
Q

Are used in most commercial medicated capsules.

A

Hard Gelatin

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10
Q

The empty capsule shells
are made of ___ , ___ , and ___ . As such, they can be clear, colorless, and essentially tasteless

A

gelatin, sugar, and water

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11
Q

Hard gelatin capsule shells are manufactured in two sections:

A

body and a shorter cap

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12
Q

Made of gelatin to which
glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol has been added.

A

Soft Gelatin Capsule

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13
Q

Soft gelatin contain ___ moisture than hard capsules.

A

more

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14
Q

Soft Gelatin capsules used to encapsulate and hermetically seal
___ , ___ , ___ , ___ , and even ___ .

A

liquids;
suspension;
pasty materials;
dry powders;
preformed tablets

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15
Q

They are pharmaceutically elegant and are easily swallowed.

A

Soft Gelatin capsules

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16
Q

Capsules are available in many different sizes and shapes and can be used for the administration of powders, semisolids and liquids.

A

000
00
0
1
2
3
4
5

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17
Q

Steps in Hard Gelatin capsule manufacturing process (5)

A

Step 1: Raw Material Melting & Coloration
Step 2: Blending
Step 3: Molding and Trimming
Step 4: Printing and Packaging
Step 5: Testing, Packaging, and Shipping

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18
Q

First step in the process involves an acceptability test for raw materials. The materials that pass this test are then melted and colored for easy identification.

A

Step 1: Raw Material Melting and Coloration

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19
Q

Gelatin solution is blended and dissolved in de-mineralised water heated to seventy degrees Celsius.

The solution at this stage is very Viscous and contains 30 to 40% gelatin.

A

Step 2: Blending

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20
Q

The capsule manufacturing machines receive colored
gelatin in the capsule processing chamber. The caps and bodies of the capsules are made.

A

Step 3: Molding and Trimming

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21
Q

The printing stage includes all vital information, such as prescription recommendations, advertisements, and capsule branding.

A

Step 4: Printing and Packaging

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22
Q

After the printing phase is completed, the quality testing phase begins. The end products must undergo stringent quality inspections to ensure that the capsules are of the best quality and possess a long shelf life.

A

Step 5: Testing, Packaging and Shipping

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23
Q

Steps in Hard Gelatin capsule manufacturing process (6)

A

Step 1: Gelatin Preparation
Step 2: Fill Material Preparation
Step 3: Encapsulation
Step 4: Drying
Step 5: Inspection and Sorting
Step 6: Cleaning and Polishing

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24
Q

A soft-gel shell is formed to contain and protect the fill material.

A

Step 1: Gelatin Preparation

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25
Q

Fill materials for soft-gels come in a variety of forms, such as liquids, oils, suspensions, or semi-solids

A

Step 2: Fill Material Preparation

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26
Q

Most soft gelatin capsules are produced by a method called the rotary die encapsulation process.

A

Step 3: Encapsulation

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27
Q

Following encapsulation, the formed soft-gel capsules fall onto a conveyor. The conveyor transfers them to the next step – soft-gel drying.

A

Step 4: Drying

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28
Q

Following complete drying, the soft gel capsules should be transferred to the inspection station for quality control. This is an important step In the soft gel
manufacturing process.

A

Step 5: Inspection and Sorting

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29
Q

After sorting out qualified soft-gels, you can use a soft-gel polishing machine to remove any oil residue or debris from the soft-gel surface.

A

Step 6: Cleaning and Polishing

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30
Q

Methods for Filling the Capsules (3)

A
  • Automatic Filling of Powder Capsule
  • Semi-Automatic Capsule Fillers
  • Manual Filling of Powder Formula
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31
Q

Is manufactured and designed to directly fill up capsules with pharmaceutical powders without any operator
dependability.

A

Automatic Filling of Powder Capsule

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32
Q

Is a hybrid machine that is a mixture of both the automatic and manual capsule filler machines.

A

Semi-Automatic Capsule Fillers

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33
Q

Is used mostly at an individual level and can be used in industries where the amount that
needs to be filled with the exact amount of ingredients.

A

Manual Filling of Powder Formula

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34
Q

Are often referred to as “inactive ingredients” because, in drugs, they comprise of everything except the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

A

Excipients

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35
Q

Excipient Added in Capsules (5)

A
  • Wetting agents
  • Disintegrants
  • Diluents
  • Glidants
  • Lubricants
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36
Q

Improve water penetration for poorly soluble drugs

A

Wetting agents

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37
Q

Example of wetting agent (1)

A

Sodium lauryl sulfate

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38
Q

Produce disruption of the powder mass crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate.

A

Disintegrants

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39
Q

Act as fillers in pharmaceutical tablets to increase weight and improve content uniformity

A

Diluents

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40
Q

Examples of Diluents (5)

A
  • Mannitol
  • Microcrystalline cellulose
  • Lactose
  • Pregelatinized starch 1500
  • Corn starch
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41
Q

Is used to improve the fluidity of the contents.

A

Glidants

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42
Q

Commonly used glidants: (2)

A
  • Micro-silica gel
  • Talcum
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43
Q

Use to prevent the adhesion of powder to metal materials.

A

Lubricants

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44
Q

Common lubricants: (4)

A
  • Magnesium stearate
  • Glyceryl monostearate
  • Stearic acid
  • Talc
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45
Q

Hard Gelatin Equipment (8)

A
  • Gelatin Melting Tanks
  • Feed Tanks
  • Pin Bars
  • Stripper
  • Joiner Block
  • Manual Filler
  • Semi-Automatic Filler
  • Automatic Filler
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46
Q

Soft Gelatin Equipment (1)

A

Rotary Die Machine

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47
Q

According to the US Pharmacopoeia, it is a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without Excipients.

A

Tablet

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48
Q

Tablet is the most popular dosage form, ___ total medicines are dispensed in the form of it.

A

70%

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49
Q

Are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.

A

Tablets

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50
Q

Advantages of Tablets

From patients standpoint: (3)

A
  • Easy to administer
  • Unpleasant taste can be masked
  • Accuracy in dose
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51
Q

Advantages of Tablets

From manufacturer standpoint: (3)

A
  • Stable
  • Economical
  • Easiest and Cheapest to package and ship
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52
Q

Disadvantages of Tablets: (5)

A
  • Challenging for children and unconscious patients.
  • Compression problems with crystalline drugs.
  • Unsuitable for hygroscopic drugs.
  • Difficulties with slow-dissolving drugs.
  • Added costs for taste masking through coating/encapsulation.
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53
Q

General Properties of Tablet Dosage Form: (4)

A
  • Defect-free and elegant.
  • Withstand shocks.
  • Maintain physical and chemical integrity.
  • Consistent medicinal agent release.
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54
Q

Types of Tablets: (4)

A
  • Tablets ingested orally
  • Tablets used in the oral cavities
  • Tablets administered by other routes
  • Tablets used to prepare solutions
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55
Q

TYPES OF TABLETS

Tablets ingested orally: (7)

A
  • Compressed tablets
  • Multiple compressed tablets
  • Enteric coated tablets
  • Sugar coated tablets
  • Film coated tablets
  • Chewable tablets
  • Sustained action tablets
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56
Q

TYPES OF TABLETS

Tablets used in the oral cavities: (4)

A
  • Buccal tablets
  • Sublingual tablets
  • Lozenges
  • Dental Cones
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57
Q

TYPES OF TABLETS

Tablets administered by other routes: (2)

A
  • Implantation tablets
  • Vaginal tablets
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58
Q

TYPES OF TABLETS

Tablets used to prepare solutions: (4)

A
  • Effervescent tablets
  • Dispensing tablets
  • Hypodermic tablets
  • Tablet triturates
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59
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Formed by compression and
contain no special coating. It provides rapid disintegration in gastric fluid after ingestion, allowing for quick absorption of the dosage form.

A

Compressed Tablets

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60
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Example of Compressed Tablets:

A
  • Paracetamol
  • Aspirin
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61
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Tablets made by more than one compression cycle.

A

Multiple Compressed Tablets

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62
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Meant for administration by swallowing and are designed to by-pass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestine only.

A

Enteric Coated Tablets

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63
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Example of Enteric Coated Tablets:

A
  • Bisacodyl tablet
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64
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Containing a sugar coating. These are done to mask the bitter and unpleasant odor and the taste of the medicament.

A

Sugar Coated Tablets

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65
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Example of Sugar Coated Tablet

A

Ascorbic Acid (Poten-Cee)

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66
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Tablet that has a film coating of
some polymer substance, such as hydroxy propyl cellulose. This protects the medicament from
atmospheric effects.

A

Film Coated Tablets

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67
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Example of Film Coated Tablets:

A
  • Sildenafil (Viagra)
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68
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Tablets which are required to be broken and chewed in between the teeth before ingestion. These tablets should have very acceptable taste and flavor.

A

Chewable Tablets

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69
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Example of Chewable Tablet:

A

Simeticone (Restime)

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70
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Release the drug at a desired time and prolong the effect of the medicament. This release the medicament in a sufficient quantity and as when required to maintain the maximum effective
concentration of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.

A

Sustained Action Tablets

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71
Q

TABLETS INGESTED ORALY

Example of Sustained Action Tablets:

A

Diclofenac SR

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72
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

Placed between the gum & lip or cheek. This dissolves slowly & absorb directly.

A

Buccal Tablets

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73
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

Example of Buccal Tablets:

A
  • Progesterone
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74
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

Placed under the tongue. This dissolves quickly and absorbed directly without passing into GIT

A

Sublingual Tablets

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75
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

Example of Sublingual Tablets:

A
  • Nitroglycerin
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76
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

This designed to exert a local mouth or throat.

A

Lozenges

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77
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

Example of Lozenges:

A

Strepsils

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78
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

These are minor compressed tablet meant for placing them in the empty socket after tooth extraction. These cones generally get dissolved in 20-40 minutes time

A

Dental Cones

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79
Q

TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES

Example of Dental Cones:

A

Advil

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80
Q

TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES

This tablet placed below the skin
or subcutaneously by means of a minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed.

A

Implantation tablets

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81
Q

TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES

Example of Implantation tablets:

A
  • Prodetoxon
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82
Q

TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES

This tablet are meant to dissolve slowly in vaginal cavity.

A

Vaginal Tablets

83
Q

TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES

Example of Vaginal Tablets:

A

Clotrimaxole

84
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

This is meant to add in water. They dissolved rapidly in water due to the chemical reaction which takes place between alkali bicarbonate and citric acid.

A

Effervescent Tablets

85
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

Example of Effervescent Tablets:

A
  • Ranitidine (Histac)
86
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

This is intended to a given volume of water to produce a solution of a given concentration.

A

Dispensing Tablet

87
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

Example of Dispensing Tablet:

A
  • Enzyme Tablet (DigiPlex)
88
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

This is a compressed tablet that
contains one or more dugs. It is dissolved in sterile water and administered parenterally.

A

Hypodermic Tablets

89
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

These are small cylindrical, moulded or compressed tablet which contains a potent medication with a diluent.

A

Tablet Triturates

90
Q

TABLET USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS

Example of Tablet Triturates:

A
  • Enzyme tablet (DigiPlex)
91
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Fillers used to make the required bulk of the tablet. Provide better tablet properties such as
improved cohesion

92
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Characteristics of an ideal diluent: (6)

A
  • Non-toxic and low cost
  • Commercially available in an acceptable grade
  • Cheap compared to the active ingredients and physiologically inert
  • Chemically stable alone and in combination with the drug(s)
  • Color-compatible
  • No negative effects on the bioavailability of the drug(s)
93
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

The most widely used diluent for tablet formulation. It is obtained in hydrous and anhydrous form.

94
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Two grades of lactoses are commercially available

A
  • 60 to 80 mesh – coarse
  • 80 to 100 mesh – regular grade
95
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Advantages of Lactose: (3)

A
  • No reaction to most of the drugs
  • Good release rates
  • Low cost
96
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Disadvantages of Lactose: (1)

A
  • Reacts with amine drug bases in presence of alkaline lubricants
97
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

It has excellent compressibility
properties

A

Spray Dried Lactose

98
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Advantages of Spray Dried Lactose: (2)

A
  • Used for direct compression
  • Good flow characteristics
99
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Disadvantages of Spray Dried Lactose: (2)

A
  • The material loses some of its direct compressional characteristics.
  • Prone to darkening in the presence of excess moisture, amines, and other compounds.
100
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Obtained from corn, wheat or potatoes and rice. It is occasionally used as a tablet diluent.

101
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Directly Compressible Starches: (2)

A
  • Sta-Rx 1500
  • Emdex and Celutab
102
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Free-flowing, directly compressible starch. It
is used as diluent, binder, and disintegrant.

A

Sta-Rx 1500

103
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Are two hydrolyzed starches - contains dextrose and maltose.

A

Emdex and Celutab

104
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Dextrose (D-Glucose)
Available in two forms:

A
  • Hydrates
  • Anhydrous
105
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Advantages of Mannitol: (3)

A
  • Its slow solubility, and its pleasant feeling in the mouth
  • Non-hygroscopic
  • Low calorie and non-carcinogenic.
106
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Disadvantage of Mannitol:

A

Costly and has poor flow characteristic

107
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Is an optical isomer of mannitol
Disadvantages: It is hygroscopic at humidity above 65%.

108
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Advantage of Sucrose:

A

They are all used for direct compression.

109
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Disadvantage of Sucrose:

A

Hygroscopic when exposed to
elevated humidity.

110
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Trade Name: Avicel – a direct compression material

A

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)

111
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Two Grades available of MCC

A
  • PH 101 powder
  • PH 102 granules
112
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Advantage of Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC):

A

Acts as a diluent and disintegrating agents.

113
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Used to impart cohesive qualities
to the powdered material

A

Binders and Adhesive

114
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Characteristics of Binders:

Used in dry form in the powder and then moistened with a solvent

115
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Characteristics of Binders:

Often added in solution form

116
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Characteristics of Binders:

MCC, microcrystalline dextrose,
amylose, and PVP are utilized in the direct compression technique.

A

Method III

117
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Corn starch is often used in the concentration of 10–20%

A

Starch paste

118
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Concentration 10–20% aqueous solution. Prepared freshly and added in warm condition

A

Gelatin Solution

119
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Cellulosic Solutions: (3)

A
  • HPMC (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose)
  • HEC (Hydroxy ethyl cellulose), HPC (Hydroxy propyl cellulose)
  • PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)
120
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

A substance to a mixture of substances, added to tablet to facilitate its breakup or disintegration after administration in the GIT.

A

Disintegrants

121
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Disintegrants can be classified chemically: (6)

A

Starches, clays, celluloses, alginates, gums and cross-linked polymers.

122
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Superdisintegrants: (3)

A
  • Croscarmellose
  • Crospovidone
  • Sodium starch glycolate
123
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Cross linked cellulose

A

Croscarmellose

124
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Cross linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone

A

Crospovidone

125
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Cross linked starch

A

Sodium Starch Glycolate

126
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Used for reducing the sticking or adhesion of any of the tablet.

A

Antiadherents

127
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Colorants are obtained in two forms dyes and lakes.

A

Coloring Agents

128
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Types of Coloring Agents: (2)

A
  • Dyes
  • Color lakes
129
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Are dissolved in the binding solution prior to the granulating process.

130
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Are dyes which are adsorbed onto a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal.

A

Color Lakes

131
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Flavors are usually limited to chewable tablets or other tablets intended to dissolve in the mouth. The use of sweeteners is primarily limited to chewable tablets. E.g. Sugar

A

Flavors and Sweeteners

132
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Artificial sweetener, 500 times sweeter than sucrose

Disadvantages
(i) It has a bitter after taste and
(ii) carcinogenic

133
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

72% as sweet as sugar, cooling & mouth filling effect

134
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Either alone or with saccharin – it is banned

135
Q

EXCIPIENTS IN TABLETS FORMULATION

Widely replacing saccharin

Disadvantage – lack of stability in presence of moisture

A

Aspartame (Searle)

136
Q

Different solid or powder ingredients are reduced to the same particle size since
particles of different sizes will segregate while mixing

A

Tablet Manufacturing Process

137
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The different solid or powder ingredients are reduced to the same particle size since particles of different sizes will segregate while mixing

A

Pulverization and Mixing

138
Q

Types of Tablet Manufacturing Process: (4)

A
  • Pulverization and Mixing
  • Granulation
  • Wet Granulation
  • Dry Granulation
139
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form large multi-particle entities.

A

Granulation

140
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The process in which formation of granules is done by adding a granulating liquid.

A

Wet Granulation

141
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Manufacturing process directly
compresses powdered materials into tablets without modifying physical properties

A

Direct Compression

142
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

A process where no liquid component is used in the granule formation

A

Dry Granulation

143
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The process where coating material is applied to the surface of the tablet to achieve the desired properties of dosage form over the uncoated variety.

A

Tablet Coating

144
Q

TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Types of Tablet Coating: (7)

A
  • Sugar Coating
  • Film Coating
  • Microencapsulation
  • Press/Compression Coating
  • Electrostatic Coating
  • Laminated Coating
  • Enteric Coating
145
Q

Types of Packaging of Tablet

A
  • Blister Package
  • Strip Package
  • Alu-Alu Package
  • Bottle Packaging
146
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Weighing Balance: (2)

A
  • Bulk Weighing Balance (kg)
  • Electronic Weighing Balance (g/mg)
147
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Refers to the process of reducing the size of drugs into smaller particles or fine powder. It involves cutting or breaking particles of solids into smaller pieces.

A

Size reduction

148
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Size Reduction Equipment: (4)

A
  • Edge-Runner Mill
  • End-Runner Mill
  • Pin Mill
  • Hammer Mill
149
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Other Name: Chilean mill or Roller Stone mill
Consist of one or two heavy steel or granite
Produces fine particles

A

Edge-Runner Mill

150
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Consist of a weighted pestle mounted eccentrically in a ceramic, granite or metal mortar
Produces moderately fine particles

A

End-Runner Mill

151
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Fines: 40-100 mesh
Ideally for pulverizing materials
Has a wide production adaptability ranging from granular material to super fine particles

152
Q

MACHINES/EQUIPMENT USED IN TABLET PRODUCTION

Fines: 5mm-20 mesh
Uses a cutting knife and liner
Material are crushed by the impact and cut force

A

Hammer Mill

153
Q

A wide range of mixing equipment is used in tablet manufacturing to mix powders and ingredients accurately.

A

Mixing Equipment

154
Q

Examples of Mixing Equipment: (2)

A
  • V-Blender
  • Double-Cone Mixer
155
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Other name of V-Blender: (2)

A

Twin Shell blender, V cone blender

156
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

V-Blender

Made up ___ that are welled together in a V- shape angle ranging ___ to ___

A

2 inclined cylinders;
75 degrees to 90 degrees

157
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

V-Blender

Performs a ___ rotation.

A

360 degree

158
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

V-Blender

Normal cycle duration range of ___ ; depending on the powder/granules being mixed.

A

15 minutes

159
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

V-Blender

Most twin shell blenders come in a ___ construction

A

304 stainless steel

160
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

V-Blender

Most Popular pieces of equipment used for ___ and best suit for ___ .

A

Tumble blending;
dry mixing

161
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Cause materials to cascade within a rotating vessel relying on the action of gravity. Work on a diffusion mechanism: solids are dispersed across the newly exposed surface as the vessel rotates about a horizontal axis.

162
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Consists of two cone-shaped sections welded at their bases to a central cylindrical section.

A

Double-Cone Mixer

163
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Useful for mixing dry powder and granules for tablets formulation. Performs mixing, uniform blending and deagglomeration functions.

A

Double-Cone Mixer

164
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Double-Cone Mixer

Normal cycle time is ___ and can be more or less depending upon the complexity of the material
being mixed.

A

10 minutes

165
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Produces a consistent mixture despite variations in the amount. Most often used for dry blending of free solids. The solids being blended in these blenders can vary in bulk density and percentage of the total mixture. The material being blended is constantly intermixed as the it rotates

A

Double Cone

166
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

A process of producing granules generally. Granulation process implies the techniques that are used to combine powdered particles to form relatively bigger ones called granules. this process is used for production of tablets.

A

Granulation

167
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Used for wet and dry granulation. Reduction of material through shear with few attrition.

A

Oscillating Granulator

168
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Other name for Oscillating Granulator:

A

Rotary Granulator

169
Q

MIXING EQUIPMENT

Is used for cutting and hammering of the substance. Easy to operate and can work on variable speed. Can be for wet and dry granulation

A

Multi Mill

170
Q

Drying Equipment: (2)

A
  • Tray Dryer Oven
  • Fluidized Bed Dryer
171
Q

DRYING EQUIPMENT

An enclosed insulated chamber in which trays are placed on top of each other. Heat transfer is done by circulation of hot air by electric heaters or any other heating media. Blower fans are
installed inside to ensure proper circulation and transfer of heat.

A

Tray Dryer Oven

172
Q

DRYING EQUIPMENT

It is fast acting and rapidly removes moisture from powder
particles to a level that is acceptable for tablet formulation. Works on the fluidization principle. A high-pressure Hot air from the supply is passed through the perforated container containing wet granules. As the hot air passes through container granules start to suspend in the air to become dry (called a fluidized state), the
process is called fluidization.

A

Fluidized Bed Dryer

173
Q

Tableting Compression Machines: (2)

A
  • Single Punch / Single Station / Eccentric Presses
  • Multi-Station / Rotary Presses
174
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

Used in small batch production and is the simplest machine for tablet manufacturing.

A

Single Punch or Eccentric Pressor Single Station Press

175
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

Single punch machine uses single set of station tooling ( ___ and ___ )

A

a die and a pair of upper and lower punches

176
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

The compaction force on the fill material is exerted by only the upper punch while the lower punch static such action equivalent to hammering motion and as a result, the single punch press is referred ___ .

A

stamping process

177
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

The single punch tablet press usually produces about ___ tablets/min.

178
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

It is used in large scale production unit.

A

Multi-Station / Rotary Presses

179
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

Multi-Station machine produces ___ tabs/min.

180
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

Multi-Station

There are ___ sets of dies & punches.

181
Q

TABLETING COMPRESSION MACHINES

A ___ has a circular rotating head, carrying a number of punch & dies assembles. There is uniform filling of the die. In that compression of granules takes place as the upper & the lower punches pass between a pair of rollers

A

rotary tablet machine

182
Q

Quality Control Equipment: (5)

A
  • Disintegration Equipment (Tester)
  • Tablet Hardiness Tester
  • Tablet Friability Tester
  • Dissolution Tester
  • Tablet Thickness Tester
183
Q

QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

A solid state instrument designed for the accurate estimation of disintegration time of tablets as per IP/USP standards. The instrument is designed to test two batches of six tablets, simultaneously. The unit is extremely useful for pharmaceutical industries.

A

Disintegration Tester

184
Q

QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

More correctly known as diametral/diametrical crushing
strength. Designed to detect breaking strength of tablets. It tests hardness value of tablets with specific tablet diameter and specific hardness range.

A

Tablet Hardiness Tester

185
Q

QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Used to test the durability of tablets during packing processes and transit. This involves repeatedly dropping a sample of tablets over a fixed time, using a rotating drum with a baffle.

A

Tablet Friability Tester

186
Q

QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

It measures the extent and rate of solution formation from a dosage
form, such as tablet. The ** of a drug is important for its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. ** and drug release are terms used
interchangeably.

A

Dissolution Tester

187
Q

QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

The test that is used to measure how thick the tablet is, known as the tablet thickness test. Ensure that tablet thickness is within a specified range

A

Tablet Thickness Tester

188
Q

Coated and Polishing Machines for Coated Tablet: (2)

A
  • Standard Coating Pan
  • Perforated Coating Pan
189
Q

COATING AND POLISHING MACHINES FOR COATED TABLET

Is a conventional type. Consisting of a circular metal pan tilted at an angle of 30-45 degrees on a stand.

A

Standard Coating Pan

189
Q

Packaging Machines: (2)

A
  • Blister Packaging Machine
  • Strip Packing Machine
190
Q

COATING AND POLISHING MACHINES FOR COATED TABLET

Equipment that has a fully or partially perforated drum. It rotates on the horizontal axis while the overall system remains enclosed. For the effective coating there is a spraying nozzle in the machine.

A

Perforated Coating Pan

191
Q

PACKAGING MACHINES

Blister packaging is produced by a
thermoforming process. During the process, a plastic or aluminum foil sheet is heated and molded to form single or multiple bubbles or pockets known as blisters.

A

Blister Packaging Machine

191
Q

PACKAGING MACHINES

Widely used equipment in pharmaceutical industries mostly to pack tablet capsules & pills in aluminum foil and make them safe & ready to distribute in the market.

A

Strip Packing Machine

192
Q

Basic Problems: (4)

A
  • Weight Variation
  • Mechanical Strength Related
  • Content Uniformity
  • Visual Defects
193
Q

VISUAL DEFFECTS

Tableting Process: (4)

A
  • Capping
  • Lamination
  • Cracking
  • Chipping
193
Q

VISUAL DEFFECTS

Machine: (1)

A

Double Impression

193
Q

Visual Defects: (3)

A
  • Formulation Design
  • Tableting Process
  • Machine
194
Q

VISUAL DEFFECTS

Formulation Design: (3)

A
  • Sticking
  • Picking
  • Binding
195
Q

Portion of the surface of the tablet is removed

CAUSE: Punch tips have engraving or embossing,
REMEDY: Lettering should be large as possible

196
Q

Tablet materials adhering to the die wall

CAUSE: Excessive moisture
REMEDY: Further drying

196
Q

Partial or complete separation of the top or bottom of tablet

CAUSE: Air entrapment
REMEDY: Increasing the density of granules

197
Q

Unequal distribution of color on a tablet,

CAUSE: improperly mixed dye
REMEDY: Proper mixing

197
Q

Separation of two or more distinct
layers

CAUSE: Air entrapment
REMEDY: Increasing the density of granules

A

Lamination

198
Q

Quality Control Test for Tablets

A
  • General Appearance
  • Organoleptic Properties
  • Weight Uniformity and Content Uniformity
  • Dissolution Test
  • Weight Variation, Thickness and Diameter
  • Hardness and Friability

MANU (2 decks)

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