Capsules and Tablets Flashcards
___ together with ___ are the most
preferable dosage form when taken orally, as it is conveniently carried, readily identified and easily taken.
Capsules; tablets
Capsules are solid pharmaceutical dosage forms in
which the drug or a mixture of drugs is enclosed in a ___ or any other suitable material.
Gelatin Shell
Advantages of Capsules
- Attractive in appearance
- Tasteless, odorless, and easily administered
- Mask the taste and odor of unpleasant drugs
- Easy to handle and carry
- The shells are physiologically inert and easily and quickly digested in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Slippery when moist and, hence, easy to swallow with a draught of water.
Disadvantages of Capsules
- Not suitable for liquids that dissolve gelatin
- Not useful for efflorescent or deliquescent materials.
- Concentrated solutions which require previous dilution are unsuitable for capsules because if
administered as such lead to irritation of the stomach.
Main Types of Capsules
- Hard Gelatin
- Soft Gelatin
The shells of the capsules may be composed of two pieces:
a body and a cap
Two-piece capsules are commonly referred to as ___
hard-shell capsules
One-piece capsules are often referred to as ___
soft-shell capsules
Are used in most commercial medicated capsules.
Hard Gelatin
The empty capsule shells
are made of ___ , ___ , and ___ . As such, they can be clear, colorless, and essentially tasteless
gelatin, sugar, and water
Hard gelatin capsule shells are manufactured in two sections:
body and a shorter cap
Made of gelatin to which
glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol has been added.
Soft Gelatin Capsule
Soft gelatin contain ___ moisture than hard capsules.
more
Soft Gelatin capsules used to encapsulate and hermetically seal
___ , ___ , ___ , ___ , and even ___ .
liquids;
suspension;
pasty materials;
dry powders;
preformed tablets
They are pharmaceutically elegant and are easily swallowed.
Soft Gelatin capsules
Capsules are available in many different sizes and shapes and can be used for the administration of powders, semisolids and liquids.
000
00
0
1
2
3
4
5
Steps in Hard Gelatin capsule manufacturing process (5)
Step 1: Raw Material Melting & Coloration
Step 2: Blending
Step 3: Molding and Trimming
Step 4: Printing and Packaging
Step 5: Testing, Packaging, and Shipping
First step in the process involves an acceptability test for raw materials. The materials that pass this test are then melted and colored for easy identification.
Step 1: Raw Material Melting and Coloration
Gelatin solution is blended and dissolved in de-mineralised water heated to seventy degrees Celsius.
The solution at this stage is very Viscous and contains 30 to 40% gelatin.
Step 2: Blending
The capsule manufacturing machines receive colored
gelatin in the capsule processing chamber. The caps and bodies of the capsules are made.
Step 3: Molding and Trimming
The printing stage includes all vital information, such as prescription recommendations, advertisements, and capsule branding.
Step 4: Printing and Packaging
After the printing phase is completed, the quality testing phase begins. The end products must undergo stringent quality inspections to ensure that the capsules are of the best quality and possess a long shelf life.
Step 5: Testing, Packaging and Shipping
Steps in Hard Gelatin capsule manufacturing process (6)
Step 1: Gelatin Preparation
Step 2: Fill Material Preparation
Step 3: Encapsulation
Step 4: Drying
Step 5: Inspection and Sorting
Step 6: Cleaning and Polishing
A soft-gel shell is formed to contain and protect the fill material.
Step 1: Gelatin Preparation
Fill materials for soft-gels come in a variety of forms, such as liquids, oils, suspensions, or semi-solids
Step 2: Fill Material Preparation
Most soft gelatin capsules are produced by a method called the rotary die encapsulation process.
Step 3: Encapsulation
Following encapsulation, the formed soft-gel capsules fall onto a conveyor. The conveyor transfers them to the next step – soft-gel drying.
Step 4: Drying
Following complete drying, the soft gel capsules should be transferred to the inspection station for quality control. This is an important step In the soft gel
manufacturing process.
Step 5: Inspection and Sorting
After sorting out qualified soft-gels, you can use a soft-gel polishing machine to remove any oil residue or debris from the soft-gel surface.
Step 6: Cleaning and Polishing
Methods for Filling the Capsules (3)
- Automatic Filling of Powder Capsule
- Semi-Automatic Capsule Fillers
- Manual Filling of Powder Formula
Is manufactured and designed to directly fill up capsules with pharmaceutical powders without any operator
dependability.
Automatic Filling of Powder Capsule
Is a hybrid machine that is a mixture of both the automatic and manual capsule filler machines.
Semi-Automatic Capsule Fillers
Is used mostly at an individual level and can be used in industries where the amount that
needs to be filled with the exact amount of ingredients.
Manual Filling of Powder Formula
Are often referred to as “inactive ingredients” because, in drugs, they comprise of everything except the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Excipients
Excipient Added in Capsules (5)
- Wetting agents
- Disintegrants
- Diluents
- Glidants
- Lubricants
Improve water penetration for poorly soluble drugs
Wetting agents
Example of wetting agent (1)
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Produce disruption of the powder mass crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate.
Disintegrants
Act as fillers in pharmaceutical tablets to increase weight and improve content uniformity
Diluents
Examples of Diluents (5)
- Mannitol
- Microcrystalline cellulose
- Lactose
- Pregelatinized starch 1500
- Corn starch
Is used to improve the fluidity of the contents.
Glidants
Commonly used glidants: (2)
- Micro-silica gel
- Talcum
Use to prevent the adhesion of powder to metal materials.
Lubricants
Common lubricants: (4)
- Magnesium stearate
- Glyceryl monostearate
- Stearic acid
- Talc
Hard Gelatin Equipment (8)
- Gelatin Melting Tanks
- Feed Tanks
- Pin Bars
- Stripper
- Joiner Block
- Manual Filler
- Semi-Automatic Filler
- Automatic Filler
Soft Gelatin Equipment (1)
Rotary Die Machine
According to the US Pharmacopoeia, it is a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without Excipients.
Tablet
Tablet is the most popular dosage form, ___ total medicines are dispensed in the form of it.
70%
Are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
Tablets
Advantages of Tablets
From patients standpoint: (3)
- Easy to administer
- Unpleasant taste can be masked
- Accuracy in dose
Advantages of Tablets
From manufacturer standpoint: (3)
- Stable
- Economical
- Easiest and Cheapest to package and ship
Disadvantages of Tablets: (5)
- Challenging for children and unconscious patients.
- Compression problems with crystalline drugs.
- Unsuitable for hygroscopic drugs.
- Difficulties with slow-dissolving drugs.
- Added costs for taste masking through coating/encapsulation.
General Properties of Tablet Dosage Form: (4)
- Defect-free and elegant.
- Withstand shocks.
- Maintain physical and chemical integrity.
- Consistent medicinal agent release.
Types of Tablets: (4)
- Tablets ingested orally
- Tablets used in the oral cavities
- Tablets administered by other routes
- Tablets used to prepare solutions
TYPES OF TABLETS
Tablets ingested orally: (7)
- Compressed tablets
- Multiple compressed tablets
- Enteric coated tablets
- Sugar coated tablets
- Film coated tablets
- Chewable tablets
- Sustained action tablets
TYPES OF TABLETS
Tablets used in the oral cavities: (4)
- Buccal tablets
- Sublingual tablets
- Lozenges
- Dental Cones
TYPES OF TABLETS
Tablets administered by other routes: (2)
- Implantation tablets
- Vaginal tablets
TYPES OF TABLETS
Tablets used to prepare solutions: (4)
- Effervescent tablets
- Dispensing tablets
- Hypodermic tablets
- Tablet triturates
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Formed by compression and
contain no special coating. It provides rapid disintegration in gastric fluid after ingestion, allowing for quick absorption of the dosage form.
Compressed Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Example of Compressed Tablets:
- Paracetamol
- Aspirin
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Tablets made by more than one compression cycle.
Multiple Compressed Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Meant for administration by swallowing and are designed to by-pass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestine only.
Enteric Coated Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Example of Enteric Coated Tablets:
- Bisacodyl tablet
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Containing a sugar coating. These are done to mask the bitter and unpleasant odor and the taste of the medicament.
Sugar Coated Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Example of Sugar Coated Tablet
Ascorbic Acid (Poten-Cee)
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Tablet that has a film coating of
some polymer substance, such as hydroxy propyl cellulose. This protects the medicament from
atmospheric effects.
Film Coated Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Example of Film Coated Tablets:
- Sildenafil (Viagra)
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Tablets which are required to be broken and chewed in between the teeth before ingestion. These tablets should have very acceptable taste and flavor.
Chewable Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Example of Chewable Tablet:
Simeticone (Restime)
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Release the drug at a desired time and prolong the effect of the medicament. This release the medicament in a sufficient quantity and as when required to maintain the maximum effective
concentration of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
Sustained Action Tablets
TABLETS INGESTED ORALY
Example of Sustained Action Tablets:
Diclofenac SR
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
Placed between the gum & lip or cheek. This dissolves slowly & absorb directly.
Buccal Tablets
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
Example of Buccal Tablets:
- Progesterone
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
Placed under the tongue. This dissolves quickly and absorbed directly without passing into GIT
Sublingual Tablets
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
Example of Sublingual Tablets:
- Nitroglycerin
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
This designed to exert a local mouth or throat.
Lozenges
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
Example of Lozenges:
Strepsils
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
These are minor compressed tablet meant for placing them in the empty socket after tooth extraction. These cones generally get dissolved in 20-40 minutes time
Dental Cones
TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITIES
Example of Dental Cones:
Advil
TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES
This tablet placed below the skin
or subcutaneously by means of a minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed.
Implantation tablets
TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES
Example of Implantation tablets:
- Prodetoxon