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PHARM 125 Midterm 1 > Capsules > Flashcards

Capsules Flashcards

1
Q

What are advantages of HARD capsules?

A
  • mask unpleasant taste
  • Better bioavailability than tablets
  • Allow powders to be dispensed in an uncompressed form
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2
Q

What are disadvantages of HARD capsules

A
  • Easily affected by humidity
  • Filling speeds of capsule machines are lower than tablet processing
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of gelatin hard capsules

A

Type A: from pork skins via acid processing
Type B: from bones & animal skins by alkaline processing

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4
Q

How are hard gelatin shells manufactured?

A

Dip molding process

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5
Q

What are gelatin capsule shell ingredients ?

A
  • Gelatin (25-30%)
  • Water
  • Colouring agents
  • Flavouring agents
  • Processing aids (sodium lauryl sulfate)
  • Preservatives
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6
Q

Explain hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

A
  • hard capsule
  • Plant-based
  • non-ionic polymer
  • low moisture content
  • harder to produce uniform colouring
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7
Q

What number is considered the largest capsule size vs smallest

A

largest: 000
Smallest: 5

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8
Q

Explain punch method for hard capsules filling technique

A
  • reduce ingredients to fine uniform powder
  • mix by trituration
  • place powder on a glass slab about 1/3 length of capsule
  • fill body by pressing into powder
  • fill body 100%
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9
Q

What are common excipients of dry powder capsules (3)

A
  • Fillers (MCC, lactose)
  • Disintegrant (croscarmellose, sodium starch glycolate)
  • Lubrication (Mg- stearate)
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10
Q

Explain dependent filling methods for capsules

A
  • volume of capsule shell controls the dose
  • require the capsule shell to be 100% filled
    -Ex. Auger or Screw method
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11
Q

Explain independent filling methods for capsules

A
  • quantity of powder to be filled is measure away from the body
  • independent on filling the body 100%
    Ex. Dosater method, dosing disc method, vacuum filling method
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12
Q

What is the dosator method suitable for?

A
  • dosing 20mg+
  • not suitable for highly cohesive powders
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13
Q

Explain the dosing disc and tamping pins method

A

Tamping pins are pushed through a powder bed
- suitable for 30mg+ doses

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14
Q

What is the vacuum filling method used for?

A

low dose inhalation products

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15
Q

Explain liquids and semi-solids filling

A
  • sealing step is required to prevent leakage
  • filling using volumetric methods
  • EASIER technology than softgel capsules
  • liquid excipients
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16
Q

What class drugs do softgels work with?

A

Class 2 & 4
- low solubility
- filling w liquid is more accurate than powder

17
Q

What are advantages of softgels?

A
  • Improved drug bioavailability
  • increased dose uniformity and reproducibility
  • enhanced drug stability
  • avoid formation of dust
  • oils and low melting point drugs that cannot be compressed
18
Q

What are disadvantages of softgels?

A
  • subject to the effects of relative humidity
  • More expensive, more equipment
  • unsuitable for aqueous liquids
19
Q

What are properties of fill formulation?

A
  • fast and uniform rate of dispersion in the GI tract after softgel shell ruptures
  • compatibility with the softgel (pH should be between 2.5-7.5 to not decompose gelatin)
  • prevent precipitation of the solubilized drug
  • withstand higher temperature from the sealing step (60-70)
20
Q

Explain when hydrophilic liquids should be used for fill formations of capsules
Example?

A
  • Ethanol and water can be added in the fill matrix below 5-10%
  • Problem with drug precipitation when contact with water in the GI tract
    Ex. PEG, propylene glycol, glycerin
21
Q

Example of solution fills for lipophilic liquids

A
  • calcitriol (coconut oil, BHA, BHT)
  • valproic acid (corn oil)
22
Q

Example of suspension fills for lipophilic liquids

A
  • progesterone - prometrium (peanut oil, lecithin)
  • ranitidine (triglycerides)
23
Q

Explain when self-emulsifying agents should be used for fill formations of capsules
Example?

A
  • oil phase and non-ionic surfactants
  • spontaenous emulsion formation in the GI fluid stable for longer time
  • High surface area provided by the surfactant micelles containing solubilized oil and drug

Ex.
- Ritonavir –> oleic acid, ethyl alcohol, polyoxyl 35 caster oil, BHT)
- Cyclosporin A –> corn oil, ethyl alcohol, linoleoyl macrogolglycerides

24
Q

What are softgel manufacture methods?

A

Rotary die process
- requires gelatin mass and fill material to be formulated prior to encapsulation

Seamless (Bubble) process, concentric nozzle dropping, globex method
- gelatin runs through outer nozzle
- fill dispensed from inner nozzle
- produces droplets of fill material in a molten gelatin envelope

25
Q

How are hard, soft, and chewable lozenges made?

A

Hard: sugar candy base
Soft: PEG base, sucrose: acacia base
Chewable (gummy): glycerinated gelatin base

PHARM 125 Midterm 1 (6 decks)

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