Capstone Final Flashcards
Who was the first main proponent of quantitative data for psychology? His focus of study was touch, and developed the two-point threshold.
Ernst Heinrich Weber
Who was the other original father of psychophysics, who developed different ways to measure sensitivity thresholds for senses (vision, audio, touch)?
Gustav Fechner
Helmholtz developed what theory relating to vision?
Trichromatic theory of vision
Name the philosophical belief and the originator: An extension of the idea of free will, that states that there are actions which are voluntary and that can be achieved through conscious choices.
Voluntarism, WIlhelm Wundt
Wundt proposes two aspects of the mind. Which mechanism is active and which is passive?
Aperception vs. Sensory association
What is structuralism?
The approach of Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. States that we can understand the basics of the mind by analyzing the mind and conscious through inferences. The primary method of structuralism is introspection.
Titchener states that primary attention is ______ and secondary attention is ________
Involuntary, voluntary
Who was the first woman to earn a PHD in Psychology in the US?
Margaret Floy Washburn
William James stood on which side of the free-will and determinism debate? What other two philosophies did he subscribe to?
Free will, pluralism, functionalism
What is functionalism?
The philosophy that states brain processes can be understood by seeing them as adaptive to the environment. Brain processes can be studied by observing behavior, rather than introspection.
What is pluralism?
The idea that objects have a variety of causes and meanings.
What does the James-Lange theory of emotion claim?
That physical changes occur before perception of emotion. Emotion manifests physically before mentally.
Who was the originator of psychoanalysis?
Granville Stanley Hall
Kurt Lewin is a social psychologist influenced by what approach to psychology? He believed that human behavior was a function of both person and environment.
Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis
John B. Watson properly coined the approach of ____________, and rejected ___________ because it was not objective science.
Behaviorism, introspection
Behaviorists believe that we should only study ________ __________, and that all behavior is _____________.
Observable behavior, reflexive
Edward Lee Thorndike was famous for the _______ experiment. He states that learning is ____________, not insightful.
Puzzle box with cat.
Incremental; trial and error
Clark hull proposed the idea of “intervening variables” in the behaviorist framework. What does that mean?
Intervening variables account for differences in how quickly one learns or responds to stimuli, such as fatigue, mood, etc.
Skinner differed from Tolman and other behaviorists in the fact that he believed there was often no ________________ to reinforce behavior. This was proven from his Skinner box experiment.
Trial and error
What is “discrimination” in regards to behaviorism?
subjects may be conditioned to respond to
one stimulus and to ignore or withhold a
response to another stimulus.
What is Pavlov’s idea of stimulus generalization?
The phenomena of a subject evoking a conditioned response to similar stimuli, even though it wasnt the original stimuli conditioned to.
What are Freud’s “three sources of suffering”
Our own body, the hostile world in which we live, and other people
Who was the proponent of purposive behaviorism, the idea that behavior is goal directed?
Edward Tolman
What are the three types of anxiety Freud posited?
Neurotic anxiety (unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id’s urges, resulting in punishment for
inappropriate behavior)
reality anxiety
moral anxiety (fear of violating own moral principles)
