capstone Flashcards
Describe what is the relationship between a star’s luminosity and size. What about the relationship between color and temperature?
The brighter the star the bigger it will be and smaller the star the dimmer it will be. The bluer/whiter the star is the hotter it is and the redder/orangery the cooler it is.
How is it possible for white dwarfs to have a lower luminosity than the sun even though the sun is much cooler than the white dwarfs?
White dwarf can have a lower luminosity or brightness than the sun due to being smaller than the sun. The white dwarf is hotter than the sun due to its color but is dimmer due to its size.
The main fuel for red giants’ stars in their core is
Helium
This is the type of star is what stars are mainly in their life cycle
Main sequence
What process is happening in the core of a star
Nuclear Fusion
When a star’s core runs out of hydrogen, the core shrinks and does what….
Heats up
Kepler’s 1st Law:
All planetary orbits are elliptical or oval in shape.
What is the difference between the perihelion and the aphelion
The perihelion is when it’s closer to the sun and the aphelion is when it’s farther away.
Kepler’s 2nd Law (AKA Equal Areas Law)-
a line joining a planet to its sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planets travel along its orbit.
explain how and why a planet’s speed changes as it travels around its sun. Think about when a planet travels faster/slower in its orbit.
As the planet travels closer to the sun, it travels faster.
This is due to the strong gravitational force of the sun.
The farther away from the sun the slower it will travel.
The planet will take the same amount of time to travel
Same area due to the changing of speeds.
What is eccentricity and how does it relate to the second law? Give examples to help explain.
Eccentricity is how oval shape a celestial object’s orbit is indicated by either 0 (circular) or 1 (elliptical). This connects to the second law of planetary motion because those celestial bodies that are moving faster nearer the sun and slower away from the sun depends on the type of orbit they have. Those that have more of an elliptical orbit will have a bigger difference between speeds as they travel near the sun versus away from the sun. those with more circular orbit will not have a great difference between speeds when far or near the sun.
3rd Law (AKA Harmonies Law):
The square of a planet’s period equals the cube of the semi-major axis (average distance between the planet and its sun).
Explain what this law means in your own words.
This means that that the farther a planet is from the Sun, the slower its orbital speed, and vice versa.
Sedimentary
Characteristics
How it is formed
Examples
Fossils, easily broken, layers
Broken down into sediments, Sediments are cemented and compacted
Sandstone Limestone
Metamorphic
Characteristics
How it is formed
Examples
Ribbon like layers, foliated (Banded),
Immense heat and pressure
Marble Slate
Igneous
Characteristics
How it is formed
Examples
Shiny, glassy surface, air holes
Cooled down magma, intrusive is cool from magma slowly buried beneath the surface, extrusive form from cool magma on
Granite Pumice Obsidian
The half life of nickel is 100 years. If you had 200 grams of nickel, how much would be left after 500 years?
0 years - 200 grams 200 years - 50 grams 400 years - 12.5 grams
100 years - 100 grams 300 years - 25 grams 500 years - 6.25 grams
If there was a sample of tin that was left out for 220 years and only 40g remained, what would be the initial amount of the same if the half life of tin is 55 years?
There are 4 half lives till 220 years. If 40 grams remained at 220, you need to multiply by 2 four times so started with 640g
Troposphere
Weather
Decreasing
Stratosphere
Ozone layer
Increasing
Mesosphere
Meteors
Decreasing – lowest temperatures
Thermosphere
Auroras
Increasing – highest temperatures
Exosphere
Satellites
increasing
What is an isotope and the importance of them?
An isotope is a different version of an atom where the it has the same number of protons but differs in the number of neutrons that creates that atom to have different mass. Isotopes are used to help give the atomic weight of an atom on the periodic table which is based on the average of the abundance of the atom’s isotopes. The isotope that is more in abundance is what the atomic weight will be closer to on the periodic table. For example, Sulfur’s atomic weight should be closer to 32 due to the most abundant isotope is Sulfur – 32. The actual atomic weight from the periodic table is 32.06.
which one of each group would have more inertia Bowling ball or Tennis ball
bowling ball
which one of each group would have more inertia Hammer or Feather
Hammer
When the rocket engines on the starship NO-PAIN-NO-GAIN are suddenly turned off, while traveling in empty space, the starship will
move with constant speed.
If the force acting on a cart doubles when mass is constant, what happens to the cart’s acceleration?
Doubles
A child’s toy is suspended from the ceiling by means of a string. The Earth pulls downward on the toy with its weight force of 8.0 N. If this is the “action force,” what is the “reaction force”?
The toy pulling up on the Earth with an 8N force.
Potential energy depends on what two values? What does Kinetic energy depend on?
Potential energy = mass x gravity x height so PE depends on the height and mass (gravity will only change if not on earth). Kinetic energy = ½ mv2 so it depends on mass and velocity of the object.
Which has a longer wavelength?
Microwaves or Ultraviolet
Microwaves
Which has a higher frequency? Red light or Green light
Green light
Which has less energy?
Visible light or X rays
Visible light
What is an electroscope used for? If the leaves are away from each other what does that mean?
An electroscope is a device that tells you if an object is charged or not. If the leaves in the electroscope are moving away from each other than the object is charged.
What is a series circuit? How does current, voltage and resistance affect it?
1 pathway
Current is the same throughout the circuit
Voltage drops across resistors (different at each resistor)
More total resistance = less total current
Take bulb out – rest will go out
What is a parallel circuit? How does current, voltage and resistance affect it?
Multiple pathways
Current is distributed along the different pathways
Voltage is the same throughout the circuit
More total resistance = more total current
Take bulb out – others stay on
What are the 2 criteria necessary for a substance to be considered a magnet?
Have poles and exert a force
How does a compass work with magnets and Earth?
Compass is a mini magnet itself with the red needle being a north magnetic pole and the white needle being a south magnetic pole. The red needle points to the south magnetic pole of an object when trying to find a direction since like poles repel and opposite poles attract.
Why do the arrows point that way?
The Earth is a magnet that can interact with other magnets so the north end of a compass magnet is drawn to align with the Earth’s magnetic field. Because the Earth’s magnetic North Pole attracts the “north” ends of other magnets, it is technically the “South Pole” of our planet’s magnetic field. The magnetic South Pole attracts the “south” ends of other magnets, it is technically the “North Pole ‘’ of our planet’s magnetic field.
Measurement Time Distance Velocity Acceleration Force Voltage
Unit s m m/s M/s/s N Volts
Measurement Momentum Energy/Work Charge Resistance Magnetic field Current
Unit Kg * m/s J or N*m Coulomb Ohm Tesla Amps
