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JW: Principles I > Capnography Ericksen (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Capnography Ericksen (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What organizations require capnography as a standard monitor for every patient under anesthesia?

A. FDA and CDC
B. AANA and ASA
C. WHO and AMA
D. NIH and ADA

A

B. AANA and ASA

Slide 2

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2
Q

Capnography provides information about which of the following aspects?

A. Ventilation
B. Metabolism
C. Cardiovascular function
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Slide 2

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3
Q

Which of the following is an effect of hypercarbia?

A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF)
D. Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance

A

B. Respiratory acidosis

Slide 2

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes the effect of hypercarbia?

A. Hypercarbia decreases CBF ane decrese ICP.
B. Hypercarbia increases CBF and increase ICP.
C. Hypercarbia has no effect on CBF and ICP.
D. Hypercarbia stabilizes CBF and increase ICP.

A

B. Hypercarbia increases CBF and increase ICP.

Slide 3

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5
Q

True or False:

Hypercarbia causes a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance.

A

False

Hypercarbia causes an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.

Slide 3

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6
Q

True or False:

Potassium shifts from intracellular to intravascular space in hypercarbia.

A

True

K+ shift INside to OUTside

Slide 3

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7
Q

Which of the following is an effect of hypocarbia on the respiratory system?

A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. No change in respiratory function
D. Respiratory failure

A

B. Respiratory alkalosis

Slide 4

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8
Q

How does hypocarbia affect cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

A. Increases CBF
B. Decreases CBF
C. Has no effect on CBF
D. Stabilizes CBF

A

B. Decreases CBF

Slide 4

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9
Q

What happens to potassium levels during hypocarbia?

A. Potassium shifts to the intravascular space
B. Potassium shifts to the intracellular space
C. Potassium levels remain unchanged
D. Potassium is excreted in large amounts

A

B. Potassium shifts to the intracellular space

Slide 4

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10
Q

True or False:

Hypocarbia decreases pulmonary vascular resistance

A

True

Slide 4

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11
Q

What happens to potassium levels during hypocarbia?

A. Potassium shifts to the intravascular space
B. Potassium shifts to the intracellular space
C. Potassium levels remain unchanged
D. Potassium is excreted in large amounts

A

B. Potassium shifts to the intracellular space

Slide 4

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12
Q

What is a potential respiratory effect of hypocarbia?

A. Enhanced urge to breathe
B. Blunted normal urge to breathe
C. No change in breathing urge
D. Increased breathing rate

A

B. Blunted normal urge to breathe

Slide 4

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13
Q

Capnography provides information primarily on which of the following? (Select all that apply)

A. Ventilation
B. Pulmonary blood flow
C. Aerobic metabolism
D. Blood glucose levels

A

A. Ventilation
B. Pulmonary blood flow
C. Aerobic metabolism

Slide 5

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14
Q

The Bohr Equation is used to calculate

A. Physiological dead space
B. Oxygen consumption
C. Carbon dioxide production
D. Pulmonary vascular resistance

A

A. Physiological dead space

Slide 5

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15
Q

What is dead space?

A. The volume of each breath that participates in gas exchange
B. The volume of each breath that does not participate in gas exchange
C. The total lung capacity
D. The residual volume after exhalation

A

B. The volume of each breath that does not participate in gas exchange

Slide 6

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16
Q

Which of the following are part of the anatomic dead space?

A. Alveoli
B. Conducting zones of the airway (nose, trachea, bronchi)
C. Pulmonary capillaries
D. Pleural cavity

A

B. Conducting zones of the airway (nose, trachea, bronchi)

Slide 6

17
Q

True or False:

Physiologic dead space includes both the anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space.

A

True

18
Q

True or False:

Alveolar dead space is the portion of physiologic dead space that does not take part in gas exchange but is within the alveolar space

A

True

Slide 6

19
Q

Which of the following conditions can increase alveolar dead space by causing ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch? (Select all that apply)

A. Hypovolemia
B. Pulmonary hypotension
C. Pulmonary embolus
D. Asthma
E. Overdistension of the alveoli

A

A. Hypovolemia
B. Pulmonary hypotension
C. Pulmonary embolus
E. Overdistension of the alveoli

Slide 6

20
Q

What factors contribute to an increase in alveolar dead space? (Select all that apply)

A. Obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by external forces
B. Increased pulmonary blood flow
C. Ventilation of nonvascular airspaces
D. Obstruction of precapillary pulmonary vessels

A

A. Obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by external forces
C. Ventilation of nonvascular airspaces
D. Obstruction of precapillary pulmonary vessels

Slide 6

21
Q

Which of the following statements is true about capnometry?

A. It provides a continuous graphical display.
B. It is used to measure oxygen levels.
C. It quantifies CO₂ concentrations in inhaled or exhaled air.
D. It confirms the placement of nasogastric tubes.

A

C. It quantifies CO₂ concentrations in inhaled or exhaled air.

Slide 7

22
Q

The method of capnography provides information on: (Select all that apply)

A. CO₂ measurement
B. Oxygen uptake
C. Graphic display of time
D. Breath-by-breath CO₂ detection

A

A. CO₂ measurement
C. Graphic display of time
D. Breath-by-breath CO₂ detection

Slide 7

23
Q

Capnography provides information on which of the following aspects of patient monitoring?

A. Adequacy of ventilation
B. Integrity of the breathing circuit
C. Placement of endotracheal tubes
D. Blood pressure monitoring

A

C. Placement of endotracheal tubes

Slide 7

24
Q

What is the most common representation in time capnography?

A. Volume vs. time plot
B. Pressure vs. time plot
C. Flow vs. time plot
D. CO₂ concentration vs. volume plot

A

B. Pressure vs. time plot

Slide 8

25
Q

How are CO₂ concentrations digitally reported in time capnography?

A. As oxygen and nitrogen levels
B. As ‘inspired’ and ‘end tidal’
C. As pH levels
D. As volume and flow

A

B. As ‘inspired’ and ‘end tidal’

Slide 8

26
Q

What is the benefit of high-speed settings in time capnography?

A. Provides information about long-term trends
B. Allows appreciation of overall respiratory function
C. User can interpret information about each breath
D. Reduces the resolution of the capnograph

A

C. User can interpret information about each breath

Slide 8

27
Q

In which clinical scenario might slow-speed time capnography be particularly useful?

A. During rapid sequence induction
B. For monitoring long-term ventilation trends
C. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
D. When adjusting ventilator settings

A

B. For monitoring long-term ventilation trends

Slide 8

28
Q

What are the primary characteristics of side-stream capnography?

A. Analyzes gas sample directly in the breathing circuit
B. Aspirates gas sample and analyzes away from airway at a rate of 50 to 200 mL/min
C. Has time delay and rise time
D. Measures oxygen concentration

A

B. Aspirates gas sample and analyzes away from airway at a rate of 50 to 200 mL/min
C. Has time delay and rise time

Also the most common

S10

29
Q

Which of the following is true about main-stream capnography?

A. It has a transport time delay
B. It analyzes gas sample directly in the breathing circuit
C. It is less common than side-stream capnography
D. It aspirates gas sample away from the airway

A

B. It analyzes gas sample directly in the breathing circuit

Also has no time delay; rise time is faster

Slide 10

30
Q

At which phase is end-tidal CO₂ measured?

A. Phase I
B. Phase II
C. Phase III
D. Phase IV

A

C. Phase III

Slide 11

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a possible method for manufacturers to report end-tidal CO₂?

A. Value just before inspiration
B. Smallest value during expiration
C. Largest value
D. The average at a specific time

A

B. Smallest value during expiration

Sometimes varies with manufacturers:
- Value just before inspiration
- Largest value
- The average at a specific time

Slide 11

32
Q

SLIDE 12

A
33
Q

SLIDE 13

A
34
Q
A
35
Q

In addition to ventilation, capnography provides information on: (Select all that apply)

A. Placement of ETT/LMA
B. Integrity of breathing circuit
C. Cardiac output adequacy
D. Renal function

A

A. Placement of ETT/LMA
B. Integrity of breathing circuit
C. Cardiac output adequacy

Slide 5

JW: Principles I (50 decks)

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