Capitalism, Globalization, & Migration

Question 1

what is migration?

Answer 1

movement of people, either voluntary or forced, in order to live and work in a new place to escape economic, social, political, or cultural hardship in home communities

Question 2

what is globalization?

Answer 2

process that emphasizes interdependance of the globe, whereby people, goods, and ideas move around the world

Question 3

what are undocumented workers?

Answer 3

people who do not have the needed documentation or permission to live or work in a foreign country

Question 4

are all immigrants undocumented?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what is your living wage?

Answer 5

is the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet his or her basic needs

Question 6

what is minimum wage?

Answer 6

minimum wages are the minimum rates that all covered employers must pay all workers

Question 7

do minimum wage jobs make enough to cover your living wage?

Answer 7

generally no

Question 8

what is a boycott?

Answer 8

people deliberately stop buying or using certain product/brand as an expression of protest

Question 9

what is a buycott?

Answer 9

the opposite side of a boycott, meaning a deliberate purchase of a company’s product in support of their policies or desirable behavior

Question 10

what are unions?

Answer 10

a labor union is a group of two or more employees who join together to advance common interests such as wages, benefits, schedules and other employment terms and conditions

Question 11

what did ceaser chavez do?

Answer 11

• united farmworkers union
• labor leader and civil rights activist

Question 12

what did ceaser do for UFW?

Answer 12

the struggle of farm workers in the United States to improve their working and living conditions through organizing and negotiating contracts with their employers

Question 13

what is “illegal work”?

Answer 13

corporations hire vulnerable people (undocumented workers) on purpose to save money (increase profits by not paying minimum wages, denying workers compensation, etc.)

Question 14

what are refugees?

Answer 14

someone who has been forced to flee their country because of persecution, war, or violence

Question 15

what does it mean to seek asylum?

Answer 15

the right to be recognized as a refugee and receive legal protection and material assistance

Question 16

what is a visa?

Answer 16

A visa is a conditional authorization granted by a policy to a foreigner that allows them to enter, remain within, or leave its territory

Question 17

what is international capitalism?

Answer 17

focused mainly on how national capitalists based in competing national economies and working through national companies operated across borders.

Question 18

what is deportation?

Answer 18

is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country.

Question 19

what are policies?

Answer 19

a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government party, business, or individual

Question 20

what are practices?

Answer 20

praxis, what is acceptable for people to do

Question 21

what is femicide?

Answer 21

on the border, women are recruited to work in borderlands
migrate to US = increased violence against women

Question 22

what is NAFTA?

Answer 22

on January 1st 1994, a document was signed by US, Canada, and Mexico that eliminates tariffs (taxes) on goods imported from any member state

Question 23

what are malquidoras?

Answer 23

factories on US/Mexico border owned by US based multinational companies to pay lower wages for mexican workers, but location allows US managers to remain inside US border

Question 24

what are some other challenges associated with migration and gender?

Answer 24

• gender hiring preferences (men = management, women = workers)
• sexual exploitation at work/on journey (women forced to engage in sex work for their job/safe journey)
• immigration law biased against womens experiences (assumes man as breadwinner)
• transphobia

Question 25

differences between nationalities and visas?

Answer 25

for mexican immigrants, there is no “line” for “legal” immigration for people who have no professional skills (need college degree while canadians do not)

Question 26

what is LA BESTIA?

Answer 26

cargo train that is the cheapest passage from central america through mexico to the US

Question 27

who is Jason De Leon?

Answer 27

• anthropologist who wrote the land of open graves; living and dying on the migrant trail
• also formed the undocumented migration project

Question 28

what is transnationalism?

Answer 28

process by which immigrants build social fields that link together their country of origin and country of settlement

Question 29

what is acculturation?

Answer 29

maintaining own ideas/practices while simultaneously adopting ideas and practices of mainstream society- balancing two worlds

Question 30

what is assimilation?

Answer 30

people replace their own ideas/practices to adopt cultural ideas and practices of mainstream society

Question 31

what does it mean to syncretize?

Answer 31

blending old and new to create something that’s a little of both and neither each culture

Question 32

what happens to transnational families that migrate?

Answer 32

families often split up

Question 33

what are remittances?

Answer 33

money transferred from migrant laborer for loved ones in country of origin that is used to cover household expenses

Question 34

example of historical migrant recruitment programs in the US?

Answer 34

bracero program (1942-1964): allowed Mexican laborers to work in the United States under short-term contracts in exchange for stricter border security and the return of illegal Mexican immigrants to Mexico

Question 35

example of historical migrant recruitment programs in Dominican Republic?

Answer 35

sugar plantations in DR and Haitian migration (since 1929): banned hatians from working in DR, sugarcane plantations plummeted

Question 36

Rubén Rumbaut and Immigrant Generations research?

Answer 36

• first generation: immigrants born abroad and migrating adults
• 1.25 generation: immigrants born abroad and migrating between 13-17
• 1.5 generation: immigrants born abroad and migration between 6-12
• 1.75 generation: immigrants born abroad and migrating under 5
• second generation: people born in US to first generation parents

Question 37

what is flexibilization of labor?

Answer 37

the process by which companies, often multinational companies, or businesses that usually have headquarters in a rich nation and factories in poorer nations in order to take advantage of cheap labor or lack of environmental protections

Question 38

what are multinational cooperations?

Answer 38

An entity headquartered in one country that does business in one or more foreign countries.

Question 39

meatpacking workplace violations?

Answer 39

underpaid, cut hours or pay, hire own doctors to put people back to work after on the job injuries, avoid workers compensation, no overtime pay, no bathroom breaks

Question 40

who is Eric Schlosser?

Answer 40

• “the chain never stops”
• specifically recruiting undocumented workers which means more undocumented people in rural areas

Question 41

what are migrant caravans?

Answer 41

caravans traveling from central america to US full of migrants seeking asylum

Question 42

what has been happening to these migrant caravans?

Answer 42

• teargassing
• individuals turning themselves in at the border
• walking together for protection

Question 43

how many individuals have come here from migrant caravans?

Answer 43

as high as 7500, now around 3500

Question 44

what is the USMCA?

Answer 44

a document signed in 2018 to eliminate agricultural tariffs, 75% of cars and trucking companies will have their components manufactured in US, Canada, or Mexico to qualify for tariffs

Question 45

what is happening to the USMCA in 2023?

Answer 45

before: 30% of work done needs to be done by employees making $16/hr
2023: needs to be raised to 40%

Question 46

what does the USMCA prioritize vs. NAFTA?

Answer 46

USMCA: needs of producers (in US), at expense of consumers
NAFTA: providing consumers w/ cheap goods in US, Mexico, and Canada

Question 47

what is the zero tolerance policy?

Answer 47

May 7th, 2018: attorney general sessions put a zero tolerance policy for illegal entry into the US, people would be punished for entering illegally

Question 48

what is the deterrence associated w/ zero tolerance?

Answer 48

separating children who have accompanied (and who are unaccompanied) from parents/guardians at the border

Question 49

what does the seperation process look like?

Answer 49

1. children placed in “short term customs and border protection holder facility” (Ursula TX)
2. then longer term border protection holding
3. then “family members and sponsors” or foster care

Question 50

what is DACA?

Answer 50

(Aug, 2012) deferred action for childhood arrivals

Question 51

what does DACA do?

Answer 51

children who were brought into this country without papers when they were children (DREAMERS) can get deferred deportation (cannot get welfare)

Question 52

eligible recipients of DACA must…

Answer 52

1. entered US before 16th birthday or June 2007
2. currently in school, graduated, military
3. under 31 on June 15 2012
4. not convicted of felony or significant (3) misdemeanors

Question 53

what is birthright citizenship?

Answer 53

2 kinds:
- anyone born on US soil = citizen (jus solis)
- anyone born abroad to US citizens (jus sanguinis)

Question 54

5 of the myths of immigration?

Answer 54

• most immigrants are here illegally
• immigrants take good jobs from US citizens
• refugees aren’t screened before entering the US
• immigrants don’t pay taxes and burden the national economy
• immigrants are bringing crime and violence

Question 55

what is IRCA?

Answer 55

immigration reform and control act (1986), required workers to attest their employers immigration status, made it illegal to “recruit” undocumented workers