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CAP > CAP2-4 > Flashcards

CAP2-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 types of non-carious tooth surface loss

A
  1. Erosion
  2. Abrasion
  3. Attrition
  4. Abfraction
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2
Q

What is tooth erosion caused by?

A

Acids from food e.g. fruits, fizzy drinks, stomach contents, acid reflux

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3
Q

What is abfraction caused by?

A

Impact from another object e.g. toothbrush

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4
Q

What is dental attrition?

A

Tooth surface loss due to tooth on tooth mechanical wear and grinding

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5
Q

Describe the enamel structure

A

A prism unit made up of a prism core (centre) and a prism sheath (periphery)

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the enamel prism core

A

Tightly packed hydroxyapatite with little inter-crystalline spaces

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the enamel prism sheath. What activity starts here?

A

Less well packed crystals with spaces (pores) containing water and organic material, allowing easy diffusion of acid.
Demineralisation starts here

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8
Q

What are the 2 conditions necessary for detection of white spot lesions

A
  1. Clean (plaque-free) teeth

2. Dry teeth

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9
Q

Does a mineralised surface appear lighter or darker in a micro-radiograph?

A

More mineralised - lighter

Less mineralised - darker

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10
Q

Name the 4 lesion zones of enamel caries (starting from the advancing front)

A
  1. Translucent zone
  2. Dark zone
  3. Body of lesion
  4. Surface zone
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11
Q

Porosity in Translucent zone?

A

Few large pores due to the loss of prism periphery

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12
Q

Porosity in Dark zone?

A

porosity of 5-10% - consists of large and small pores

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13
Q

Porosity in body of lesion?

A

porosity of 25-50%

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14
Q

Porosity in the surface zone?

A

porosity of 1-2%

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15
Q

How do arrested caries appear histologically?

A

Wide and well-developed dark zone

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16
Q

What results in arrested caries?

A
  • Re-mineralisation

- Changes in environment - plaque control, fluoride and altered diet

17
Q

Name the 3 zones in the ‘zone of established dentine caries’ (from the outermost)

A
  1. Zone of Destruction
  2. Zone of bacterial penetration
  3. Advancing front of dentine
18
Q

What are the 3 possible reactionary defence mechanisms to dentinal caries?

A
  1. Reactionary Tertiary Dentine - form at the ends of dentinal tubules
  2. Sclerotic Dentine - blocks tubules
  3. Reparative Tertiary Dentine - if rapid progression and there is no sclerosis + death of odontoblasts
19
Q

In which zone is the tubular structure of dentine no longer present?

A

Zone of destruction

20
Q

Classify dentinal caries into 2 zones

A
  1. Outer, superficial zone

2. Inner, deeper zone

21
Q

Name 3 differences between the outer, superficial zone and the inner, deeper zone of dentinal caries

A
  1. Outer, superficial zone is highly infected with bacteria whereas the inner, deeper zone is minimally infected
  2. Irreversibly damaged dentine in the outer, superficial zone whereas the dentine in the inner, deeper zone is reversibly attacked
  3. Proteolytic degradation of collagen matrix in the outer, superficial zone whereas the collagen matrix in the inner, deeper zone has not been severely damaged
22
Q

What is the critical pH of enamel? What happens beyond that pH?

A

5.5

Hydroxyapatite starts to dissolve

23
Q

Bacteria in plaque - factors affecting acid production (x5)

A
  1. number of acidogenic bacteria
  2. types of acid produced
  3. number of acid-consuming bacteria
  4. number of base-producing bacteria
  5. metabolic state of bacteria when food is ingested
24
Q

Name 3 nutritive alternative sweeteners

A
  1. Xylitol
  2. Mannitol
  3. Sorbitol
25
Q

Which is the alternative sweetener used in chewing gum?

A

Mannitol

26
Q

Which is the alternative sweetener used in toothpaste?

A

Xylitol

27
Q

What is the problem associated with large amounts of alternative sweetener?

A

Laxative effects

28
Q

Name 3 non-nutritive (intense) alternative sweetener

A
  1. Saccharin
  2. Aspartame
  3. Acesulfame-K
29
Q

Which is the sweetener present in sugar free chewing gum?

A

Acesulfame-K

30
Q

Briefly describe Silverstone’s artificial caries experiment

A

Teeth were placed in lactic acid containing diffusion-limiting gels. They produced enamel caries-like lesions, but histologically lacked the zone structure and surface layer.

31
Q

What can be concluded from Silverstone’s artificial caries experiment?

A

Polysaccharides and other gel-like components of dental plaque reduce diffusion of dissolved enamel mineral away from the tooth surface

CAP (2 decks)

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