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Aerospace Medicine > CAP > Flashcards

CAP Flashcards

1
Q

What are the altitudes for the troposphere?

A

At Poles: 35,000

At Equator: 65,000

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2
Q

How much does the temperature decrease with elevation in the troposphere?

A

3.5f (1.98c)/1000 ft.

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3
Q

What layer is above the troposphere?

A

Tropopause

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4
Q

What is the highest atmosphere strata?

A

Stratosphere

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5
Q

What is the temperature of the stratosphere?

A

-55 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

Supplemental oxygen is required when?

A

Cabin altitude above 12,500 - 14,000, always for min crew above 14,000, ft, and all above 15,000.

In a pressurized aircraft, must have available above 25,000 ft, and must be worn by pilot if alone on flight deck above 25.

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7
Q

When is 100% oxygen required?

A

Above 35,000 ft.

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8
Q

When is 100% oxygen with positive pressure required?

A

Above 40,000 ft.

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9
Q

When is a pressure suit required?

A

Above 50,000 ft.

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10
Q

The stratosphere extends to what altitude

A

~165,000

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11
Q

What is Armstrong’s line?

A

63,000 ft, the altitude where water boils at body temperature.

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12
Q

ebullism

A

Formation of bubbles in human tissue

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13
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture.

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14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when the temperature is constant.

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15
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas over the solution.

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16
Q

Graham’s Law

A

Gas will diffuse from high to low concentration.

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17
Q

Boyle’s Law Equation

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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18
Q

As you increase altitude, the percent of oxygen ______.

A

Stays at 21%.

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19
Q

Functional residual volume

A

Expiratory reserve and residual volume.

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20
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

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21
Q

Vital capactiy

A

Inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve.

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22
Q

TLC

A

Inspiratory + tidal + expiratory + residual

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23
Q

Review cut off FEV1 and FVC.

A

70%

24
Q

Disqualification cut off FEV1 and FVC

A

50%

25
Q

Increasing g forces affects lung blood flow how?

A

Directs blood to the base of lungs and aggravates air trapping.

26
Q

Alkalosis does what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Shifts the curve to the left (more affinity for O2)

27
Q

Define hypoxic hypoxia.

A

Decreased available oxygen due to decreased partial pressure of oxygen.

28
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Interference with tissue oxygen utilization when sufficient oxygen is present.

29
Q

Define hypemic hypoxia

A

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Think CO, but also anything that shifts the curve to the left.

30
Q

What are some tricky causes of hypemic hypoxia?

A

Hemorrhage, anemia, sulpha drugs.

31
Q

Define stagnant hypoxia.

A

Reduced blood flow.

32
Q

1st stage of hypoxia

A

indifferent, up to 10,000 ft.

33
Q

2nd stage of hypoxia

A

Compensatory, 10,000-15,000 ft.

34
Q

What are the impairments of the compensatory stage of hypoxia?

A

Decreased efficiency and a 50% decrease in night vision.

35
Q

What is the third stage of hypoxia?

A

Disturbance; 15,000 - 20,000 ft. CNS effects may be disabling.

36
Q

What is the fourth and final stage of hypoxia?

A

Critical; 20,000-30,000ft. Complete loss of control.

37
Q

What is the CNS changes at initial increase in altitude?

A

Vasoconstriction due to decreased CO2 tension secondary to hyperventilation.

38
Q

What is a post mortem marker for hypoxia in the brain?

A

Lactic acid.

39
Q

Alkalosis causes what kind of shift in the hemoglobin curve?

A

Left shift, more affinity for oxygen.

40
Q

What is the opthalmologic response to hypoxia.

A

Reduction of color vision due to decreased oxygen delivery to retinal rods and cones.

41
Q

What is Time of Useful Consciousness?

A

The time in which a person can efficiently and effectively perform flying duties in an environment of inadequate oxygen.

42
Q

First sign of HACE

A

Ataxia

43
Q

Medication to treat HAPE?

A

Nifedipine

44
Q

Haldane Rule?

A

When atmospheric pressure reduces by one half, nitrogen bubbles form.

45
Q

Type I DCS is?

A

Bends.

46
Q

Type II DCS is?

A

CNS, pulmonary, and cardiac manifestations.

47
Q

Risk factors for DCS

A

Age, exercise in flight, obesity, alcohol.

48
Q

Initial treatment of DCS?

A

100% oxygen. Creates a washout effect. Also, head down slightly; nitrogen bubbles rise to feet. Definitive treatment is compression to roughly 3 atmospheres.

49
Q

What part of the ear senses horizontal acceleration?

A

Utricle

50
Q

What part of the ear senses vertical acceleration

A

Saccule

51
Q

What are the otolith organs

A

Utricle and saccule

52
Q

What is the black hole takeoff illusion?

A

Acceleration without visual cues is sensed as a pitching up motion. Can have the flip with deceleration.

53
Q

What is the inversion illusion

A

Feeling of falling backwards with abrupt transition from climb to level flight.

54
Q

Explain the somatogyral illusion.

A

The semicircular canals cannot accurately detect rotation for prolonged periods. Thus, your body does not feel that it is turning. Beware the steady state turn!

55
Q

What is the coriolis illusion?

A

Sense of a roll due to fatigue of the endolymphatic system.

56
Q

Acceleration is best tolerated in what direction?

A

Chest to back.

Aerospace Medicine (1 decks)

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