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Key Definitions For Biodiversity And Populations > CAP 1 revision > Flashcards

CAP 1 revision Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each of the different species within one community

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2
Q

Species Richness

A

The number of different species within a community

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3
Q

Community

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time

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4
Q

Species

A

Group of similar organism with the same genes that reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Difference in DNA

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6
Q

Niche

A

Describes where an organism lives and what it does, including what it feeds on and how it interacts with other organisms and the environment.

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7
Q

Habitat

A

Place where organisms live in an ecosystem

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8
Q

What information is required to calculate an index of diversity for a particular community

A

Number of species, number of individuals in each species

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9
Q

the number of species present is one way to measure biodiversity. Explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful way to measure

A

also measures number of individuals of each species. some species may be present in low and high numbers.

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10
Q

2 advantages of using an index of biodiversity rather than an indicator species

A

you don’t need to identify each species, index considers the number of organisms of each species.

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11
Q

economic argument for maintaining biodiversity

A

medical/pharmaceutical use, commercial products, tourism, agriculture, saving local forest communities.

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12
Q

farming

A

Decrease in the variety of plants- fewer plant species. Fewer habitats, decrease in variety of food sources, clearing forest through machinery or pesticides.

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13
Q

Clearing a tropic forest for crops- why does this cause diversity of insects to decrease

A

lower diversity of plants, few food sources, few habitatas, fewer species of herbivore so few species of carnivores, kills insects

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14
Q

Taxonomy

A

Theory and practice of classification
Binomial naming system- first word= genus. second word= species name.
classification system:Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Phylogenetics- all share a common ancestor

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15
Q

courtship

A

display this behaviour to attract a mate of the same species of opposite sex. Important to ensure reproductive success.
1. Attracts same species of the opposite sex, indication of sexual maturity, stimulates release of gametes. form bond pair

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16
Q

modern classification methods

A

frequency of measurable or observable characteristics, the base sequence of DNA, base sequence of mRNA, amino acid sequence of proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA

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17
Q

Genetic comparisons and DNA

A

genetic- made by examination of their DNA, mRNA or of the proteins coded for by this DNA, classified within their genome.
DNA- the more closely related the species the more similar their DNA base sequence.

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18
Q

Comparing the base sequence of a gene provides more information than comparing the amino acid sequence for which the gene codes. Explain why

A

Longer base sequence than amino acid sequence. Introns, same amino acid may be coded for and a DNA code may be degenerate

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19
Q

Comparing base sequence provides more evolutionary information. Explain why

A

More bases than amino acids, introns, degenerate code

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20
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate- useful because it releases energy in small, manageable amounts, it’s broken down in one-step, immediate energy compound, phosphorylase’s, released instantaneously, rapidly re-synthesised.

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21
Q

Chloroplast

A

key structures of a chloroplast- lamellae joins thylakoid membranes together, stroma is where chemical reactions occur for photosynthesis, granum, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid space.

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22
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

Takes place in the grana and thylakoid membrane and results in the formation of NADPH and ATP
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, chlorophyll becomes oxidised. Excited electrons move to a higher energy level- energy released helps activate the proton pump. Electrons move down ETC through a series of redox reactions. This pumps H+ ions, forming a proton gradient which moves through ATP synthase to combine ADP + Pi to form ATP. High energy electrons from the next chlorophyll reduces NADP to form NADPH. Photolysis- energy from light catalyses the breakdown of water forming 2H2O—> 4 protons, 4 electrons and O2. protons are used to help activate proton carrier and form a proton gradient. Electrons replace electrons lost from chlorophyll and reduce NADP.

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23
Q

Chemiosmotic theory

A

The movement of ions across a ,membrane down an electrochemical gradient. This gradient is usually established through REDOX reactions and activation of proton pump.

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24
Q

The light independent reaction

A

CO2 combines with RuBP, produces two GP molecules, 2GP reduced to 2 x Triose Phosphate, using reduced NADP and energy from ATP. Triose phosphate converted to glucose. RuBP reformed.
Fixation: RuBP is a CO2 acceptor, reaction is catalysed by rubisco.
reduction- gp is reduced to Triose phosphate, requires NADPH and ATP
Regeneration; Triose phosphate used to regenerate RuBP.

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25
Q

Factors affecting photosynthesis

A

Temperature, CO2 concentration, light intensity and wavelength. Something else becomes the limiting factor for photosynthesis

26
Q

Concs of CO2 in the air at different heights above the ground in forest changes over a period of 24 hours. Explain why.

A

High conc of CO2 linked with darkness, no photosynthesis in the dark/ light dependent reaction, in dark plants respire, in light the rate of photosynthesis is greater than the rate of aerobic respiration. decrease in CO2 with height. At ground level there are fewer leaves.

27
Q

Commercial glasshouses

A

Enhance temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity. Manipulation of these factors increase productivity and produced high yields.

28
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure- nuclear envelope- double membrane and pores. chromosomes, nucleolus
Function- site of DNA replication, production of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Stores genetic information for polypeptide production.

29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane, inner membrane highly folded to form cristae, matrix containing mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, proteins and lipids
Function- site of ATP production by aerobic respiration

30
Q

RER

A

Structure- highly folded membrane with 80s ribosomes, membrane folds to form flattened sacks called cisternae, joined to nucleus
Function- synthesis and transport of proteins throughout the cell

31
Q

SER

A

Structure- highly folded membrane forming cisternae
Function- recombines gylcerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides- site of lipid synthesis

32
Q

Cytoplasmic ribosome

A

Made up o 2 sub-units that are made of long strands of rRNA and ribosomal proteins
Contains 80s cytoplasmic ribosomes in eukaryotes
Function- sight of protein synthesis from amino acids

33
Q

Golgi

A

structure- flattened sacs of membrane filled with fluid, Golgi vesicles pinch off from the main membrane
Function- sorts, modifies and packages proteins into vesicles, may be used to form ribosomes.

34
Q

Lysosomes

A

Structure- membrane bound organelle that stores and releases many hydrolytic enzymes
Function- contains hydrolytic enzymes

35
Q

CSM

A

Made up of phospholipids
Function- controls what enters and leaves the cell

36
Q

Centrioles

A

Structure- microtubules
Function- form a network of spindle fibres onto which chromosomes attach

37
Q

Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoid membrane

38
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis and ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP

39
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled part, some of the photosynthesis reactions occur here

40
Q

Starch grains

A

Energy storing molecule

41
Q

Prokaryote

A

mesosome- highly folded section of the membrane. Plasmid, cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, flagellum.

42
Q

Centrifugation

A

Ice cold- reduce the action of enzymes that would digest or h=gazelles
Isotonic- prevent osmosis of water in and out of organelles, so organelles don’t burst.
Buffered- stop ph changes which could denature.

43
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of a given species living together in the same area at the same time

44
Q

carrying capacity

A

carrying capacity is the maximum, equilibrium number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported in a stable environment. birth rates and death rates are in equilibrium.

45
Q

ecosystem

A

a community made up of living organisms and their interactions with non-living components such as water and mineral soil

46
Q

why do two species not have exactly the same niche?

A

different roles within the ecosystem . they would outcompete and one would be more successful.

47
Q

what happens when niches overlap

A

species have adaptations that outcompete

47
Q

method of quadrating

A

map the area using two tape measures. use a random number generator, place a quadrat at each intersection. can only measure stationary and slow moving populations

47
Q

why is it incorrect to say that organisms live in the same niche

A

different organisms may operate the same ecological niche whilst competing until one is eliminated.

48
Q

how to know when to stop quadrating

A

calculate running mean, stop sampling when there is little change, enough to carry out a statistical test, a large number to make sure it is reliable, need to make sure it can be completed in the time available.

48
Q

what rules are there for calculating an estimated population

A

not biased and random
all data is reliable and representable

48
Q

quadrating

A

density- actual account of all individuals present- limitations- often time consuming, difficult to count
most accurate
percentage cover- the area of the quadrat covered by one species is recorded as a percentage of the total area. used when there are too many individuals to count. overlaying species may occur, total percentage may be over 100%
frequency- proportion of quadrat that contains a particular species. least accurate

48
Q

factors affecting distribution

A

Biotic- competition, invasive species, human impact, algae
abiotic- climatic factors, physical factors such as soil and ater PH, aspect (NESW), turbidity and salinity of water.

49
Q

systemic sampling

A

transect- recording what species are touching the line at each sampling point
belt transect- placing two parallel lines across, a meter apart and recording what species are found between the two lines
interrupted belt transects- using one line and placing a quadrat down at equally spaced sampling points and recording abundance in each quadrat.

49
Q

sere

A

complete succession from pioneer community to climax community- has its own distinctive community of organisms.

49
Q

mark release recapture

A

animals are ethically collected, animals are then marked, animals are released and left to redistribute into their population, recapture.
calculation: Number caught the first time x caught the second time/ number caught the second time that were previously marked.

49
Q

pioneer species

A

the organisms that first colonise an area

50
Q

climax community

A

final stage in an ecological succession- most stable, formed depending on abiotic factors

51
Q

diversity

A

the relationship between the number of individual organisms and the number of species within a community.

52
Q

stages of succession

A

colonization by named pioneer species, change in environment, enables other named species to colonise, change in diversity, stability increases, climac community represented by named species.
secondary succession occurs after forest fire or clearance of agricultural land.
deflected succession- when climac community is prevented from being established. community maintained under such conditions is known as a plagioclimax.

Key Definitions For Biodiversity And Populations (5 decks)

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