canine thoracic limb Flashcards
1
Q
articulates with the head of the humerus
A
glenoid cavity
2
Q
proximal portion attaches to the omotransversarius muscle
place of insertion for the trapezius and part of deltoideus
A
spine
3
Q
a truncated process at the distal end of the spine
part of the deltoideus muscle arises from here
A
acromion
4
Q
lateral surface cranial to the spine of the scapula
A
supraspinous fossa
5
Q
caudal to the spine of the scapula
infraspinatus arises from this structure
A
infraspinous fossa
6
Q
small proximal and cranial rectangular area
insertion for serratus ventralis muscle
A
serrated face
7
Q
large flat part of the costal surface
usually has 3 straight muscular lines that converge distally
A
subscapular fossa
8
Q
thin, concave near the ventral angle as it enters the formation of the neck
A
cranial border
9
Q
notch formed as the cranial border forms the neck
A
scapular notch
10
Q
thickened dorsal end of the cranial border
continues into the dorsal border
A
cranial angle
11
Q
extends from the cranial to caudal angles
rhomboideus attaches
A
dorsal border
12
Q
proximal to the ventral angle
teres minor and long head of triceps arise from
A
infraglenoid tubercle
13
Q
middle third is broad and smooth, part of the subscapularis and long head of triceps arise from it
dorsal segment is thick and gives rise to teres major
A
caudal border
14
Q
the constricted part adjacent to the ventral angle
segment of scapula distal to the spine and proximal to the glenoid cavity
A
neck
15
Q
eminence at the cranial part of the glenoid cavity
shows a slight medial inclination
biceps brachii arises from
A
supraglenoid tubercle
16
Q
small tubercle on the supraglenoid tubercle
corachobrachialis arises from
A
coracoid process
17
Q
A
infraglenoid tubercle
18
Q
the radial and olecranon fossae communicate proximal to the trochlea through the
A
supratrochlear foramen
19
Q
articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to make the ball and socket shoulder joint - flexion and extension only
A
head of the humerus
20
Q
begins at the cranial end of the articular area
lodges the tendon of origin of biceps brachii
A
intertubercular groove
21
Q
convex at its summit and is often higher than the head
receives insertions of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus and part of the deep pectoral muscles
A
greater tubercle
22
Q
lies on the medial side of the proximal extremity of the humerus
caudal to the intertubercular groove
subscapularis attaches to its proximal border
A
lesser tubercle
23
Q
distinct in the middle third of the humerus body
attachment for brachiocephalicus and part of pectoralis
A
cranial surface
24
Q
ridge on the cranial border of the humerus that extends proximally in a craniomedial direction
A
crest of the greater tubercle
25
lateral surface is thickened to form
deltoideus inserts here
deltoid tuberosity
26
ridge from the deltoid tuberosity to the caudal part of the greater tubercle
lateral head of the triceps arises here
tricipital line
27
adjacent to the proximal extremity of the tricipital line
teres minor inserts here
tuberosity of the teres minor
28
smooth, on the lateral surface of the body
brachialis groove
29
distal to the brachialis groove
extensor carpi radialis and part of anconeus attach here
extends distally to the lateral epicondyle
later supracondylar crest
30
teres major and latissimus dorsi insert here
medial head of the triceps arises caudally and proximally
coracobrachialis inserts caudally and proximally
teres major tuberosity
31
distal end of the humerus
humeral condyle
32
part of the condyle
articulates with the radius and ulna
extends proximally into adjacent fossae
trochlea
33
articular area of the condyle lateral to the ridge
articulates with the head of the radius
capitulum
34
smaller than medial epicondyle
enlarged distolateral end of the humerus proximal to the capitulum
origin to common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis and supinator
lateral epicondyle
35
enlarged distomedial end of the humerus proximal to the trochlea
anconeus arises from
elevated portion is origin for flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres, and superficial and deep digital flexor muscles
also attaches to medial collateral ligament of the elbow
medial epicondyle
36
deep excavation of the caudal part of the humeral condyle
receives the anconeal process of the ulna during extension of the elbow
olecranon fossa
37
on the cranial surface of the humeral condyle
communicates with the olecranon fossa by the supratrochlear foramen
radial fossa
38
opening through which the olecranon fossa and radial fossa communicate
no soft structures pass through
supratrochlear foramen
39
widest medial to lateral
forms the capitular fovea and bordered by the articular circumference
radial head
40
oval depressed articular surface
articulates with capitulum of the humerus
fovea capitus (capitular fovea)
41
smooth caudal border of the for articulation with the ulna
articular circumference
42
distal to the neck on the medial border of the radius
biceps brachii and brachialis insert in part here
radial tuberosity
43
distal extremity of the radius
trochlea
44
on the lateral surface of the trochlea
slightly concave area with a facet for articulation with the ulna
ulnar notch
45
rounded projection on the medial surface of the trochlea
styloid process
46
most lateral groove on the cranial surface of the radius's distal extremity
contains the tendon for the common digital extensor
groove for extensor digitalis communis
47
most medial groove on the cranial surface of radius's distal extremity
contains the tendon for the abductor digiti I longus
groove for abductor digit I longus
48
middle and longest groove on the cranial aspect of the radius's distal extremity
for the extensor carpi radialis
groove for extensor carpi radialis
49
articulation with the trochlea of the humerus
trochlear notch
50
articulation with the articular circumference of the radius, forming the elbow
radial notch
51
proximal extremity of the ulna
lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow
4 sided and medial inclined
triceps brachii, anconeus, and tensor fasciae antebrachii attach to the caudal part
ulnar portions of the flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor arise from the medial surface
olecranon
52
proximal end of the olecranon
grooved cranially, enlarged and rounded caudally
olecranon tuber
53
sharp edged slightly hooked projection on proximal end of trochlear notch
fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow joint is extended
anconeal process
54
larger process at the distal end of the trochlear notch
articulates with humerus and radius
medial coronoid process
55
the smaller process at the distal end of the trochlear notch
lateral coronoid process
56
small elongated eminence on the medial surface of the ulna at its proximal end, just distal to the medial coronoid process
biceps brachii and brachialis insert here
ulnar tuberosity
57
distinct rough and irregular
large expansive but low eminence is found here, indicating a place of articulation with the radius
interosseus border
58
distal extremity of the ulna
its head articulates medially with the radius
part of this process articulates with the ulna and accessory carpal bones
styloid process
59
part of the extremity between the antebrachium and metacarpus
includes seven small irregular bones
carpus
60
largest of the 3 proximal carpal bones
medial and articulates proximally with the radius
intermedioradial carpal
61
palmar bone of the carpus
articulates with the styloid process of the ulna and the ulnar carpal bone
serves as a lever arm for some of the flexor muscles of the carpus
accessory carpal
62
lateral bone of the proximal row of the carpus
palmar portion projects distally palmar and lateral to the 4th carpal bone
ulnar carpal
63
how are the 4 distal carpal bones numbered
1-4 medial to lateral (dew claw is I)
64
the fourth carpal bone articulates with
metacarpal IV and V
65
metacarpus
66
label the parts of the metacarpal bones from proximal to distal
base
body
head
67
the sagittal ridge on each metacarpal head articulates with
the sagittal groove in the base of the corresponding phalange
68
which metacarpal bone is vestigial
first
69
each proximal and middle phalanx has a
proximal base
body
distal head
70
label the phalanges from proximal to distal
proximal phalanges
middle phalanges
distal phalanges
71
part of the distal phalanx that overlaps the claw and forms a band of bone around the proximal portion of the claw
ungual crest
72
curved conical extension of the distal phalanx into the claw
ungual process
73
rounded dorsal part of the base of the distal phalanx
the common digital extensor inserts here
extensor process
74
small process on the palmar surface of the distal phalanx
for insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon
flexor tubercle
75
two are located in the interosseus tendons on the palmar surface of each metacarpophalangeal joint (digits II-V) (digit I contains one)
proximal sesamoid bones
76
four of them
one embedded in the common digital extensor tendons as they pass over each metacarpophalangeal joint (digits II-V)
dorsal sesamoid bones
77
cranial 4 mammae
thoracic mammae
78
middle 4 mammae
abdominal mammae
79
caudal 2 mammae
inguinal mammae
80
tenth, eleventh and twelfth ribs unite to form
costal arch
81
thin layer of loose, irregularly arranged connective tissue that often contains fat
areolar tissue
82
dense, more regularly arranged thin layer of connective tissue
fascia
83
deep to the areolar tissue, forms the deep portion of the subcutaneous tissue that covers the entire body
superficial fascia
84
type of fascia more firmly attached to the muscle
deep fascia
85
proximal attachment of the muscle that moves the least
origin
86
distal attachment of the muscle that moves the most
insertion
87
dense, regularly arranged fibrous connective tissue organized into a small, well defined bundle
connects muscle to bone
tendon
88
has the same consistency as a tendon but the fibrous connective tissue is arranged in a thin sheet of tissue
aponeurosis
89
dense fibrous connective tissue between bones
ligament
90
thin sheet of muscle that covers msot of the dorsal, lateral and ventral walls of the thorax and abdomen
has no bony attachments
twitches the skin, innervated by the lateral thoracic nerve
cutaneous trunci
91
saclike structure that secretes synovial fluid to alleviate friction from tendon movement
bursa
92
large thin bursa wrapped around a tendon that alleviates friction from tendon movement
tendon sheath
93
fibrous band holding down and stabilizing tendon movement
retinaculum
94
synarthrotic joint
no movement
ex: gomphosis (tooth in socket), syndesmosis (attaches fibula and tibia), suture
fibrous joint
95
amphiarthotic joint
slight movement
ex: costochondral junction, growth plate, pelvic symphysis, intervertebral discs
cartilaginous joint
96
diarthrotic joint
free movement
ex: stifle joint
synovial joint
97
multi-axial joint type and ex
spheroidal joint
ex - canine hip joint
98
bi-axial joint types and ex
saddle joint - ex canine distal interphalangeal joint
condylar joint - ex canine stifle joint
99
uni-axial joint types and ex
hinge joint - equine fetlock
pivot oint - bovine atlantoaxial joint
100
non-axial (gliding) joint types and ex
ellipsoidal joint - ex canine carpus
plane joint - ex articular process of equine cervical vertebrae
101
movement toward the median plane
adduction
102
movement away from the median plane
abduction
103
combo of flexion/extension and add/abduction that allows the extremity of the limb to circle or ellipse (proximal part remains stationary)
circumduction
104
rotation of a limb carries the cranial surface medially
medial (internal) rotation
pronation in forelimbs
105
rotation of a limb that carries the cranial surface laterally
lateral (external) rotation
supination in forelimb
106
superficial pectoral origin
the first two sternebrae and usually a part of the third
the fibrous raphe between adjacent muscles
107
superficial pectoral muscles insertion
the whole crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
108
superficial pectoral muscles action
non weight bearing - adduct the limb
weight bearing - prevent limb from being abducted
109
the descending pectoral is ___ to the transverse pectoral
superficial
110
superficial pectoral muscles innervation
ventral branch of spinal nerves C7 and C8
111
deep pectoral muscle origin
ventral part of the sternum
the deep abdominal fascia in the region of the xiphoid cartilage
112
deep pectoral muscle insertion
partly muscular partly tendinous on the lesser tubercle of the humerus
an aponeurosis to the greater tubercle and its crest
the caudal part of the medial fascia of brachium
113
deep pectoral muscle action
weight bearing - to pull the trunk cranially and extend the shoulder joint
non weight bearing - draw the limb caudally and flex the shoulder joint
to adduct the limb
114
deep pectoral muscles innervation
caudal pectoral nerves (C8, T1)
115
the brachiocephalicus is a compound muscle
2 parts are:
cleidobrachialis
cleidocephalicus
116
faint line crossing the brachiocephalicus
clavicular intersection
117
two parts of the cleidocephalicus
pars cervicalis
pars mastoidea
118
origin of the cleidobrachialis
clavicular intersection
119
insertion of cleidobrachialis
distal end of cranial border of humerus
120
where is the pars cervicalis (cervical part of cleidocephalicus) attached
dorsal midline of the neck
mid-dorsal raphe
121
where is the pars mastoidea (mastoid part of cleidocephalicus) attached
mastoid process of the skull
122
what is considered the origin of the brachiocephalicus
(all attachments are moveable)
clavicle or clavicular intersection
123
action of brachiocephalicus
non weight bearing - extend shoulder joint, advance limb
weight bearing - pull head and neck to the side (lateral flexion)
124
innervation of brachiocephalicus
accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves`
125
two parts of the sternocephalicus
mastoid part
occipital part
126
sternocephalicus origin
first sternebra or manubrium
127
sternocephalicus insertion
mastoid part of temporal bone and nuchal crest of occipital bone
128
sternocephalicus action
to draw the head and neck to the side
129
sternocephalicus innervation
accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves
130
where does the sternohyoideus lie
on the trachea
131
sternohyoideus origin
first sternebra and first costal cartilage
132
sternohyoideus insertion
basihyoid bone
133
sternohyoideus action
to pull the tongue and larynx caudally
134
sternohyoideus innervation
ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves
135
sternothyroideus origin
first costal cartilage
| (covered at origin by sternohyoideus)
136
sternothyroideus insertion
caudolateral surface of the thyroid cartilage
137
sternothyroideus action
draw the larynx and tongue caudally
138
sternothyroideus innervation
ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and hypoglossal nerve
139
transecting the omotransversarius through the middle will expose
superficial cervical lymph nodes
140
omotransversarius attachments
distal end of the spine of the scapula
cranially the transverse wing of the atlas
141
omotransversarius action
non weight bearing - pull on scapula and advance limb
weight bearing - flex neck laterally
142
omotransversarius innervation
accessory nerve
143
what does the supraspinous ligament connect
dorsal aspects of all vertebral spines except the cervical vertebrae
144
where does the nuchal ligament extend
from the spine of the first thoracic vertebra to the spine of the axis
145
median raphe is an attachment point for
many cervical muscles
146
2 parts of trapezius muscle
cervical (larger)
thoracic
147
trapezius origin
median raphe
supraspinous ligament from C3 to T9
148
trapezius insertion
spine of scapula
149
trapezius action
pull on scapula and tip it laterally to elevate and abduct forelimb
150
trapezius innervation
accessory nerve
151
3 parts of rhomboideus
capitis
cervicis
thoracis
152
origin of rhomboideus capitis
nuchal crest (on occipital bone of skull)
153
origin of rhomboideus cervicis
mid dorsal raphe
154
rhomboideus thoracis origin
mid dorsal raphe and spinal processes of thoracic vertebrae
(not a clear distinction from cervicis)
155
rhomboideus insertion
dorsal boarder (and some medial) of scapula
156
rhomboideus action
elevate the forelimb and draw the scapula against the trunk
157
rhomboideus innervation
ventral branches of cervical and thoracic nerves
158
latissimus dorsi origin
mid dorsal raphe, last 7 or 8 thoracic vertebrae, and to last 2-3 ribs
159
latissimus dorsi insertion
teres major tuberosity of humerus and teres major tendon
160
latissimus dorsi action
draw the free limb caudally and flex the shoulder joint
161
latissimus dorsi innervation
thoracodorsal nerve (C7, C8, T1)
162
2 parts of the serratus ventralis
cervicis
thoracis
163
serratus ventralis origin
transverse process of last five cervical vertebrae and first 7-8 ribs
164
serratus ventralis
serrated face of scapula (dorsal medial third)
165
serratus ventralis action
support the trunk and depress the scapula and pull limb ventrally
166
serratus ventralis innervation
ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve (C7)
167
deltoideus origin
spine of acromial process of scapula
168
deltoideus insertion
deltoid tuberosity
169
deltoideus action
flex shoulder
170
deltoideus innervation
axillary nerve
171
infraspinatus origin
infraspinatus fossa
172
infraspinatus insertion
small, circumscribed area on lateral side of greater tubercle of humerus
173
infraspinatus action
non WB - extend, flex joint, abduct shoulder and rotate humerus laterally
WB - prevent medial rotation and provide lateral stability to shoulder joint
174
infraspinatus innervation
suprascapular nerve
175
teres minor origin
infraglenoid tubercle and distal third of caudal border of scapula
176
teres minor insertion
teres minor tuberosity of humerus
177
teres minor action
WB - **flex shoulder**, rotate shoulder laterally, prevent medial rotation
178
teres minor innervation
axillary nerve
179
supraspinatus origin
supraspinous fossa
180
supraspinatus insertion
greater tubercle
181
supraspinatus action
**extend** and stabilize **shoulder joint**
182
supraspinatus innervation
suprascapular nerve
183
subscapular origin
subscapular fossa
184
subscapularis insertion
lesser tubercle
185
subscapularis action
adduct, **extend,** and medially stabilize shoulder joint. rotate shoulder joint medially, prevent later rotation when bearing weight
186
subscapularis innervation
subscapular nerve
187
teres major origin
caudal angle and adjacent caudal border of scapula; caudal surface of subscapularis
188
teres major insertion
teres major tuberosity of humerus
189
teres major action
**flex** shoulder joint, rotate shoulder joint medially, prevent later rotation when weight bearing
190
teres major innervation
axillary nerve
191
coracobrachialis origin
coracoid process of the scapula
192
coracobrachialis insertion
crest of lesser tubercle proximal to teres major tuberosity
193
coracobrachialis action
adduct, **extend,** and stabilize shoulder joint
194
coracobrachialis innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
195
tensor fascia antebrachii origin
fascia covering lateral side of latissimus dorsi
196
tensor fascia antebrachii insertion
olecranon
197
tensor fascia antebrachii action
**extend** elbow joint
198
tensor fascia antebrachii innervation
radial nerve
199
triceps brachii long head origin
caudal border of scapula
200
triceps brachii long head insertion
olecranon tuber
201
triceps brachii long head action
**extend** elbow joint and **flex** shoulder joint
202
triceps brachii long head innervation
radial nerve
203
triceps brachii lateral head origin
tricipital line of humerus
204
triceps brachii lateral head insertion
olecranon tuber
205
triceps brachii lateral head action
**extend** elbow joint
206
triceps brachii lateral head innervation
radial nerve
207
triceps brachii accessory head origin
neck of humerus
208
triceps brachii accessory head insertion
olecranon tuber
209
triceps brachii accessory head action
**extend** elbow joint
210
triceps brachii accessory head innervation
radial nerve
211
triceps brachii medial head origin
crest of lesser tubercle near teres major tuberosity
212
triceps brachii medial head insertion
olecranon
213
triceps brachii medial head action
**extend** elbow joint
214
triceps brachii medial head innervation
radial nerve
215
anconeus origin
lateral supracondylar crest and lateral and medial epicondyles of humerus
216
anconeus insertion
lateral surface of proximal end of ulna (olecranon)
217
anconeus action
**extend** elbow joint
218
anconeus innervation
radial nerve
219
biceps brachii origin
supraglenoid tubercle
220
biceps brachii insertion
ulnar and radial tuberosities
221
biceps brachii action
**flex elbow** joint and **extend** **shoulder** joint
222
biceps brachii innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
223
brachialis origin
proximal third of lateral surface of humerus
224
brachialis insertion
ulnar and radial tuberosities
225
brachialis action
**flex** elbow joint
226
brachialis innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
227
extensor carpi radialis origin
lateral supracondylar crest
228
extensor carpi radialis insertion
small tuberosities on dorsal surfaces of base of metacarpals II and III
229
extensor carpi radialis action
**extend** carpal joints
230
extensor carpi radialis innervation
radial nerve
231
common digital extensor origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
232
common digital extensor insertion
extensor processes of distal phalanges of digits II-V
233
common digital extensor action
**extend joints** of four principle digits and the carpus
234
common digital extensor innervation
radial nerve
235
lateral digital extensor origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
236
lateral digital extensor insertion
proximal ends of all phalanges of digits III-V but mainly extensor processes of distal phalanges of these digits
237
lateral digital extensor action
**extend** carpal joints of carpus and digits III-V
238
lateral digital extensor innervation
radial nerve
239
ulnaris lateralis origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
240
ulnaris lateralis insertion
lateral aspect of proximal end of metacarpal V and accessory carpal bone
241
ulnaris lateralis action
abduct manus and **flex** carpal joints and support carpus when extended to support weight
242
ulnaris lateralis innervation
radial nerve
243
supinator origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
244
supinator insertion
cranial surface of proximal fourth of radius
245
supinator action
rotate forearm laterally so that palmar side of paw faces medially (supination); **flex** elbow joint
246
supinator innervation
radial nerve
247
abductor digiti I longus origin
lateral border and cranial surface of ulna; interosseous membrane
248
abductor digiti I longus insertion
proximal end of metacarpal I
249
abductor digiti I longus action
abduct first digit and **extend** carpal joints
250
abductor digiti I longus innervation
radial nerve
251
pronator teres origin
medial epicondyle of humerus
252
pronator teres insertion
medial border of radius between proximal and middle thirds
253
pronator teres action
rotate forearm medially so that the palmar side of paw faces the ground (pronation); **flex** elbow
254
pronator teres innervation
median nerve
255
flexor carpi radialis origin
medial epicondyle of humerus and medial border of radius
256
flexor carpi radialis insertion
palmar side of base of metacarpals II and III
257
flexor carpi radialis action
**flex** carpal joints
258
flexor carpi radialis innervation
median nerve
259
superficial digital flexor origin
medial epicondyle of humerus
260
superficial digital flexor insertion
palmar surface of base (proximal end) of middle phalanges of digits II-V
261
superficial digital flexor action
**flex** the carpal, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of digits II-V
262
superficial digital flexor innervation
median nerve
263
flexor carpi ulnaris 2 heads
ulnar head
humeral head
264
flexor carpi ulnaris origin
ulnar head - caudal border and medial surface of olecranon
humeral head - medial epicondyle of humerus
265
flexor carpi ulnaris insertion
accessory carpal bone
266
flexor carpi ulnaris action
**flex** carpus
267
flexor carpi ulnaris innervation
ulnar nerve
268
deep digital flexor 3 heads
humeral head
ulnar head
radial head
269
deep digital flexor origin
humeral head - medial epicondyle of humerus
ulnar head - proximal ¾ of caudal border of ulna
radial head - middle third of medial border of radius
270
deep digital flexor insertion
flexor tubercle of palmar surface of distal phalanx of each digit
271
deep digital flexor action
**flex** carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the digits
272
deep digital flexor innervation
median and ulnar nerve
273
pronator quadratus attachments
apposed surfaces of radius and ulna
274
pronator quadratus action
pronate paw
275
pronator quadratus innervation
median nerve
