Canine Skeletal Anatomy Flashcards
What is flexion?
Making the angle of the joint smaller
What is the difference between rotation and circumduction?
Rotation: limb turns on its long axis (screwing a screwdriver)
Circumduction: limb moves in a circle
What structures extends from the External occipital protuberance?
nuchal crest
Many muscles originate from this
Approximately how many vertebrae are in a dog?
~ 50
C7, T13, L7, S3,
Ca 13-20
What structure of the spinal cord sits ventral to the spinal cord?
Vertebral body
What structure of the vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord itself?
Vertebral arch
What structure of the vertebrae extend laterally and what are their functions?
Transverse vertebrae.
Support the muscles ventral to the cord
Concerning the facet joints of the spinal column, what is the difference between the mammary process and articular process?
Mamillary process: cranial aspect of facet joint
Articular process: caudal aspect of facet joint
What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?
This is where the nerve roots exit
What are the defining features of C1 aka Atlas?
Has large prominent wings/ transverse process and no spinous process
What are the defining features of C2 aka Axis?
Has a prominent spinous process as well as a dens that inserts into the vertebral arch of C1
What anatomic changes are noted moving cranial to caudal on cervical vertebrae?
Spinous processes continue to get taller
Why is C6 a useful landmakr?
Has large wings/ transverse process
What do thoracic vertebrae have instead of transverse processes?
Ribs
What direction do the spinous processes of vertebrae sit until T11
Incline caudally
T11 is called the anticlinal
What is signficant about L7?
Has prominently shorter spinous process compared to other lumbar vertebrae
What bone does the sacrum interact with
The ilium
How many sternebrae are there?
8
What are the components of the thoracic girldle in the dog
The scapula and “clavicle” (this is the tendon of the brachiocephalicus muscle)
What are the palpable structures of the scapula?
Spine
Acromion
Supraglenoid tubercle (not easily palpable, origin of biceps tendon)
What are the palpable regions of the humerus?
Greater tubercl Head Deltoid Tuberosity Tuberosity of teres major Trochlea L/M Epicondlyes
What are the palpable regions of the radius in the dog
Head
Styloid process
What are the palpable regions of the ulna in the dog
Olecranon Trochlear notch Anconeal process M/L coronoid process Styloid process
How many bones are in the canine carpus?
7
What bones are in the proximal carpus of the dog from medial to lateral?
Radial carpal bone
Ulnar carpal bone (fills in for a 5th carpal bone
Accessory carpal bone (on palmar aspect)
What bones are in the distal carpus of the dog from medial to lateral?
First (I) always starts medially
Second (II)
Third (III)
Fourth (IV)
How many metacarpal bones are in the dog
5 First (I) always starts medially Second (II) Third (III) Fourth (IV) Fifth (V)
How many phalanges are in each digit
Two in first digit (proximal and distal)
Three in 2nd-5th (proximal, middle, distal)
What is found on the distal phalanx of the digits? What originates from this?
Ungual process.
The claw originates from this
What makes up the pelvic girdle
Two os coxae (hemi pelvis)
What three bones make up the os coxae
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum is where all three bones fuse together
What are the landmarks of the pelvic girdle
Dorsal spine Body Ischiatic tuberosity Pubis Obturator foramen (not very palpable) Acetabulum (not very palpable) Os penis
What are the palpable landmarks of the femur?
Head Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Third trochanter Trochlear groove Condyles Fabellae (sesamoid bones of the origin of calf muscle)
What are the palpable landmarks of the tibia?
Condyles
Plateau (convex surface)
Tuberosity (patellar tendon inserts)
Medial Malleolus
What are the palpable landmarks of the fibula?
Head
Body
Lateral malleolus
What are the proximal bones of the canine tarsus from medial to lateral?
Talus (has trochlea, tibia rotates over this)
Calcaneus (has tuber calcaneus)
What are the medial bones of the canine tarsus from medial to lateral?
Central tarsal
What are the distal bones of the canine tarsus from mediall to lateral?
First (I) always starts medially
Second (II)
Third (III)
Fourth (IV)
What is the difference between metatarsals and metacarpals
Metatarsus I may or may not be present
