Canine Skeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What is flexion?

Answer 1

Making the angle of the joint smaller

Question 2

What is the difference between rotation and circumduction?

Answer 2

Rotation: limb turns on its long axis (screwing a screwdriver)

Circumduction: limb moves in a circle

Question 3

What structures extends from the External occipital protuberance?

Answer 3

nuchal crest

Many muscles originate from this

Question 4

Approximately how many vertebrae are in a dog?

Answer 4

~ 50
C7, T13, L7, S3,
Ca 13-20

Question 5

What structure of the spinal cord sits ventral to the spinal cord?

Answer 5

Vertebral body

Question 6

What structure of the vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord itself?

Answer 6

Vertebral arch

Question 7

What structure of the vertebrae extend laterally and what are their functions?

Answer 7

Transverse vertebrae.

Support the muscles ventral to the cord

Question 8

Concerning the facet joints of the spinal column, what is the difference between the mammary process and articular process?

Answer 8

Mamillary process: cranial aspect of facet joint

Articular process: caudal aspect of facet joint

Question 9

What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?

Answer 9

This is where the nerve roots exit

Question 10

What are the defining features of C1 aka Atlas?

Answer 10

Has large prominent wings/ transverse process and no spinous process

Question 11

What are the defining features of C2 aka Axis?

Answer 11

Has a prominent spinous process as well as a dens that inserts into the vertebral arch of C1

Question 12

What anatomic changes are noted moving cranial to caudal on cervical vertebrae?

Answer 12

Spinous processes continue to get taller

Question 13

Why is C6 a useful landmakr?

Answer 13

Has large wings/ transverse process

Question 14

What do thoracic vertebrae have instead of transverse processes?

Answer 14

Ribs

Question 15

What direction do the spinous processes of vertebrae sit until T11

Answer 15

Incline caudally

T11 is called the anticlinal

Question 16

What is signficant about L7?

Answer 16

Has prominently shorter spinous process compared to other lumbar vertebrae

Question 17

What bone does the sacrum interact with

Answer 17

The ilium

Question 18

How many sternebrae are there?

Answer 18

8

Question 19

What are the components of the thoracic girldle in the dog

Answer 19

The scapula and “clavicle” (this is the tendon of the brachiocephalicus muscle)

Question 20

What are the palpable structures of the scapula?

Answer 20

Spine
Acromion
Supraglenoid tubercle (not easily palpable, origin of biceps tendon)

Question 21

What are the palpable regions of the humerus?

Answer 21

Greater tubercl
Head
Deltoid Tuberosity
Tuberosity of teres major
Trochlea 
L/M Epicondlyes

Question 22

What are the palpable regions of the radius in the dog

Answer 22

Head

Styloid process

Question 23

What are the palpable regions of the ulna in the dog

Answer 23

Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Anconeal process
M/L coronoid process
Styloid process

Question 24

How many bones are in the canine carpus?

Answer 24

7

Question 25

What bones are in the proximal carpus of the dog from medial to lateral?

Answer 25

Radial carpal bone Ulnar carpal bone (fills in for a 5th carpal bone Accessory carpal bone (on palmar aspect)

Question 26

What bones are in the distal carpus of the dog from medial to lateral?

Answer 26

First (I) always starts medially Second (II) Third (III) Fourth (IV)

Question 27

How many metacarpal bones are in the dog

Answer 27

``` 5 First (I) always starts medially Second (II) Third (III) Fourth (IV) Fifth (V) ```

Question 28

How many phalanges are in each digit

Answer 28

Two in first digit (proximal and distal) | Three in 2nd-5th (proximal, middle, distal)

Question 29

What is found on the distal phalanx of the digits? What originates from this?

Answer 29

Ungual process. The claw originates from this

Question 30

What makes up the pelvic girdle

Answer 30

Two os coxae (hemi pelvis)

Question 31

What three bones make up the os coxae

Answer 31

Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum is where all three bones fuse together

Question 32

What are the landmarks of the pelvic girdle

Answer 32

``` Dorsal spine Body Ischiatic tuberosity Pubis Obturator foramen (not very palpable) Acetabulum (not very palpable) Os penis ```

Question 33

What are the palpable landmarks of the femur?

Answer 33

``` Head Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Third trochanter Trochlear groove Condyles Fabellae (sesamoid bones of the origin of calf muscle) ```

Question 34

What are the palpable landmarks of the tibia?

Answer 34

Condyles Plateau (convex surface) Tuberosity (patellar tendon inserts) Medial Malleolus

Question 35

What are the palpable landmarks of the fibula?

Answer 35

Head Body Lateral malleolus

Question 36

What are the proximal bones of the canine tarsus from medial to lateral?

Answer 36

Talus (has trochlea, tibia rotates over this) | Calcaneus (has tuber calcaneus)

Question 37

What are the medial bones of the canine tarsus from medial to lateral?

Answer 37

Central tarsal

Question 38

What are the distal bones of the canine tarsus from mediall to lateral?

Answer 38

First (I) always starts medially Second (II) Third (III) Fourth (IV)

Question 39

What is the difference between metatarsals and metacarpals

Answer 39

Metatarsus I may or may not be present