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NZ Vet Nursing: Medical/Diseases > Canine Diseases > Flashcards

Canine Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the incubation period for Canine Distemper?

A

7-12 days.

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2
Q

What age is the virus Canine Distemper most common in?

A

3-5 months.

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3
Q

How is the virus Canine Distemper spread?

A

Through faeces, urine, vomit, saliva, nasal and ocular discharge, droplet/aerosol inhalation and dog-to-dog contact.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Canine Distemper?

A

Fever, loss of appetite, nasal and eye discharge (pus-like, white and cloudy, with red eyes) and sneezing. Later on, there is severe vomiting and/or diarrhoea, dehydration and a cough due to pneumonia. Thickening of the pads or hyperkeratosis can occur.

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5
Q

How can Canine Distemper be treated?

A

Antibiotic treatment to stop secondary infections like pneumonia.

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6
Q

How can Canine Distemper be prevented?

A

Vaccination of dogs, and maintaining clean environments in at-risk areas like kennels. Light disinfection and heat kills this virus.

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7
Q

What happens if the virus Canine Distemper settles into the brain/nervous tissues?

A

Convulsions, tremors, muscle twitches or brain damage. They will gradually worsen if the treatment for them doesn’t work. The dog may require euthanasia if they are severe.

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8
Q

What human vaccine works on pregnant dogs to protect the puppies from Canine Distemper?

A

Human Measles vaccine.

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9
Q

How contagious and deadly is Canine Distemper?

A

Highly contagious, often fatal.

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10
Q

What virus causes Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

A

Adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1).

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11
Q

What age does Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) usually affect?

A

Dogs under a year/puppies.

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12
Q

What is the incubation period of Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

A

5-9 days.

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13
Q

How long can the Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) survive off of the host?

A

10 days.

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14
Q

How contagious and deadly is Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

A

Highly contagious, dogs can die within two hours of initial signs. High death rate.

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15
Q

How is the virus Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) spread?

A

Dog-to-dog contact, infected material-usually saliva or discharge from the nose, contaminated runs, cages, boots, hands, etc and from urine (virus can be shed for up to a year from the kidneys).

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

A

Slight fever, congestion of mucus membranes, severe depression, marked leukopenia (low white blood cell count) and prolonged bleeding time. Initially, the virus causes sore throat, coughing and occasionally pneumonia. When the virus enters the bloodstream, it can cause damage to the eyes (temporary swelling of the surface of the eye = corneal oedema or blue eye as well as possible long term eye damage), liver and kidneys. Mucus membranes like gums can turn yellow from liver damage and death can occur within 24-36 hours.

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17
Q

How can Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) be treated?

A

Since the virus can infect and damage the kidneys, intense IV fluid therapy is administered. Treatment also involves intensive nutritional support, antibiotics and other medications to sustain liver healing.

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18
Q

How can Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) be prevented?

A

Vaccination, vaccination with CAV-1 can cause blue eye. However, vaccination with CAV-2 won’t give dogs blue eye but will protect against both CAV-1 and CAV-2 as the viruses are similar.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Canine Adenovirus (CAV-2)?

A

Mild upper respiratory cough, non-life threatening.

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Canine Parainfluenza?

A

Mild fever, slight to severe nasal discharge, harsh cough, reddened tonsils and pneumonia.

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21
Q

How infectious is Canine Parainfluenza and where does it affect?

A

Highly infectious and it affects the respiratory system.

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22
Q

How can Infectious Canine Parainfluenza be prevented?

A

Vaccination.

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23
Q

What is the incubation period for Canine Parainfluenza?

A

5-7 days.

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24
Q

What is the incubation period for Canine Parvovirus (CPV)?

A

3-14 days, however, 5-7 days is most common.

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25
Q

How is Canine Parvovirus (CPV) spread?

A

Faeces, vomit, saliva, direct dog-to-dog contact, can cross placenta, can be carried on the dog’s hair and fomites.

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of Canine Parvovirus (CPV)?

A

Depression, anorexia, lethargy, severe vomiting, severe diarrhoea (often with blood and very smelly), dehydration, elevated temperature and a sharp drop in white blood cell count which causes panleukopaenia (a drop in all white blood cell count).

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27
Q

How can Canine Parvovirus (CPV) be treated?

A

Due to dehydration and possible secondary infections in the intestines, treatment will require IV fluids, antibiotics and intense supportive care.

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28
Q

How can Canine Parvovirus (CPV) be prevented?

A

Vaccination. The virus is highly resistant and stays in the environment for a long time, so it is important to clean the environment well.

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29
Q

How contagious and deadly is Canine Parvovirus (CPV)?

A

Highly contagious. The younger the dog, the higher the mortality rate, so often fatal in young puppies.

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30
Q

What age is the virus Canine Parvovirus (CPV) most common in?

A

Between weening and 6 months. Puppies are affected more by the virus than older dogs.

31
Q

What kind of dogs seem to be susceptible to Canine Parvovirus (CPV)?

A

Black and tan dogs such as Rottweilers, Doberman and Miniature Pinschers.

32
Q

How long can Canine Parvovirus (CPV) live in the environment?

A

Many months, even years.

33
Q

What virus can cause sudden death from heart failure in puppies that are less than 6-8 weeks old?

A

Canine Parvovirus (CPV). Puppies can die before showing other symptoms.

34
Q

Can dogs shed Canine Parvovirus (CPV) without showing symptoms or just from the first onset of diarrhoea?

A

Yes.

35
Q

What bacteria-like organism causes Leptospirosis infection?

A

Spirochaete, also known as Leptospira interrogans.

36
Q

What does the organism Leptospira interrogans or Spirochaete attack in a dog?

A

Kidneys and liver.

37
Q

How is Leptospirosis spread?

A

Drinking contaminated water (contaminated with rat urine), contact with urine, virus can enter through cuts and virus can enter through mucus membranes.

38
Q

Where is the disease Leptospirosis mainly seen?

A

North Island.

39
Q

What is the incubation period for Leptospirosis?

A

5-7 days.

40
Q

How long can Leptospira interrogans or Spirochaete be spread in an dog’s urine post-recovery?

A

For years after the dog has recovered.

41
Q

What are the symptoms of Leptospirosis?

A

Fever, depression, muscle stiffness yellow mucus membranes (possibly from liver failure), blood in urine and acute renal failure. Other symptoms include vomiting, dehydration, chills, shivering, loss of appetite, and vascular collapse.

42
Q

How can Leptospirosis be treated?

A

Antibiotics, IV fluids and general supportive care.

43
Q

How well does Leptospirosis survive in the environment?

A

It can survive considerable lengths of time in places like streams, ponds and moist soil. However, it can be killed by heat, drying and light disinfectants.

44
Q

What three microorganisms are often involved at the same time with Kennel Cough Complex?

A

Canine Parainfluenza Virus, Canine Adenovirus (CAV-2) and Bordetella bronchiseptica.

45
Q

What is the primary cause of Kennel Cough Complex?

A

The bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica, however other bacteria may cause a secondary infection.

46
Q

What is Kennel Cough Complex?

A

It’s a term applied to the most widespread upper respiratory problem in dogs and is caused by a number of microorganisms.

47
Q

What is Kennel Cough Complex also referred to as?

A

Tracheobronchitis, canine infectious tracheobronchitis or after the main bacteria- Bordetellosis or Bordetella.

48
Q

What infection causes kidney failure in 80-90% of dogs?

A

Leptospirosis.

49
Q

What is the bacteria Bordetella also known as?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica.

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Kennel Cough Complex?

A

Eye and nasal discharge, pneumonia, hacking, dry cough, retching, gagging and a loud, harsh cough.

51
Q

How can Kennel Cough Complex be treated?

A

Treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications and cough suppressants is usually effective.

52
Q

How can Kennel Cough Complex spread?

A

Can be transmitted on fomites like hand, direct dog-to-dog contact and through the air.

53
Q

What are the core canine vaccinations in New Zealand?

A

Canine Distemper, Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) and Parvovirus.

54
Q

What are the non-core canine vaccinations in New Zealand?

A

Canine Parainfluenza, Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV-2), Bordetella and Leptospirosis​.

55
Q

When and how do newborn puppies get antibodies?

A

They get them within 24 hours of birth, from their first milk/colostrum.

56
Q

Can antibodies from the mother ‘neutralise” any vaccine given to the puppies?

A

Yes. This needs to be prevented by timing the vaccination of the puppy so it works.

57
Q

What age are antibodies gone from the puppy by?

A

12 weeks.

58
Q

What age is the window of susceptibility (where the puppy is at risk for disease despite vaccinations)?

A

7-11 weeks.

59
Q

What is the difference between core and non-core vaccines?

A

Core is recommended for all dogs, non-core is only recommended if the dog is at risk.

60
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines work by exposing a dog’s immune system to a small amount of the disease-causing agent (virus or bacteria) by injection. Following a complete vaccination program, the immune system produces antibodies and special cells that ‘remember’ the viruses and bacteria contained in the vaccine. ​When your dog comes in contact with the real disease, the immune system will ‘remember’ what was in the vaccine and rapidly eliminate the infection. ​

61
Q

Do vaccines wear over time?

A

Yes.

62
Q

What do modified live vaccines contain?

A

Whole pathogens that have been weakened (attenuated) so that they can’t cause clinical disease, but can still infect and multiply.

63
Q

What do killed vaccines contain?

A

Killed pathogens that cannot multiply or harm the animal.

64
Q

Do modified live vaccines give longer immunity than killed vaccines?

A

Yes, since cells are never infected with live virus, they often do not create a full immune response and/or long term immunity.​

65
Q

What age should the first dose of core vaccines be given at?

A

6-8 weeks.

66
Q

When should the vaccine be repeated at and when will the final be given?

A

Repeat every 3-4 weeks​, final dose to be at, or after, 16 weeks of age.

67
Q

When should the non-core Bordetella vaccine be given? And what routes is it available in?

A

For dogs who socialize with other dogs outside their immediate home and go to places like kennels, doggy daycare, groomers, agility or obedience classes. ​The vaccine is available in injectable form, nasal drops or oral liquids.

68
Q

Do vaccines need to be given via the correct administration route?

A

Yes, as nasal drops given as injections can cause severe local reactions and fatal liver failure.​

69
Q

When should the non-core Leptospirosis​ vaccine be given? And what routes is it available in?

A

For dogs who live in the North Island or Nelson or depending on their lifestyle.

70
Q

When a dog is first vaccinated for Leptospirosis, how often are vaccines given and when are they given?

A

They are given two doses at 3-4 week intervals, this starts at 12-16 weeks old. After 1 year annual vaccinations are necessary.

71
Q

How many shots are recommended for Canine Parainfluenza

A

Generally, two shots are recommended ​.

72
Q

When should the non-core Bordetella ​ vaccine be given?

A

2injections 3-4 weeks apart, then one injection annually

73
Q

How often should core vaccines be given for dogs older than 16 weeks?

A

A follow-up “booster” for core diseases is currently recommended between 6-12 months of age to ensure full protection. Repeat vaccinations are given at 3-yearly intervals.

74
Q

Why should killed core vaccines be used for pregnant dogs?

A

The parvovirus will cross the placenta and cause brain damage to the puppies such as Cerebellar Hypoplasia​ (cerebellum is smaller than usual or not completely developed).

NZ Vet Nursing: Medical/Diseases (5 decks)

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