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NAVLE > Canine Diseases > Flashcards

Canine Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Dog presents with: P/u, P/d, Polyphagia, weight loss +/- vomiting, inappetance, lethargy

Potential DX?
Tests?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

Serum Chem (K+ and P derangements)
Urinalysis
Fructosamine

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2
Q

Fructosamine tests for?

A

blood glucose over the previos 2 weeks- rule out stress hyperglycemia

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3
Q

Dog presents with p/u, p/d, p/p, panting and pot belly.
Truncal alopecia; thin skin

DX?
Tests?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

Chem: ALP increase; hyper cholesteremia

CBC: Stress leukogram; thrombocytosis

Urinalysis: hyposthenuria, +- protenuria

Urine cortisol: creatinine ratio abnormal

ACTH Stim test: iatrogenic
LDDS: high sensitivity
Endogenous ACTH: differentiate PDH from ADH
HDDS: will suppress 75% of PDH.

Abdominal U/S
PDH- bilateral normal to hypertrophic adrenals
ADH: unilateral enlarged adrenal; contralateral small or non visible.

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4
Q

Stress Lekogram is..

A

netrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

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5
Q

Tx: Cushing’s DZ

A

PDH : Trilostane (enzyme inhibitor to prevent cortisol production)
Lysodren (destroys cortisol secreting portion of adrenals
SX- hypohysectomy; bilateral adrenalectomy
Radiation

ADH
SX: adrenalectomy
trilostane; lysodren

Iatrogenic: oral steroid; decrease dosage over weeks. Do acth stim to see if can stop steroids

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6
Q

middle aged Toy breed dog presents with honking cough that is exacerbated by exercise; ocassional retching; in severe cases cyanosis

potential DX?
diagnostics?
Rx?

A

Collapsing trachea

thoracic rads (rule out pulmonary edema) 
fluroscopy
endoscopy

short course corticosteroids
cough supressant
weight loss

if refractory: tracheal stent

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7
Q

Dog presents with lethargy, wekness, pallor, tachypnea, icterus, possible organomegaly, hemoglobinuria/ bilirubinemia

possible DX?

A

IMHA

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8
Q

You suspect IMHA. what diagnostics should you perform? what will be the findings?

A

CBC- anemia +/- reticulocytosis, sperocytes, polycromasia, anisocytosis

Regenerative anemia expected but takes 3-5 days for bone marrow to respond

Saline Slide Agglutination
Coombs test
Infectious dz testing
Rule out Neoplasia - imaging

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9
Q

Coombs test

A

tests for antibodies against RBCs

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10
Q

Tx for IMHA

A

immunosuppressive drugs: prednisone, azathioprine, cycclosporin, mycophenolate

Blood Transfusion

Prevent thromboembolism: asparin; heparin

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11
Q

Dog presents with extreme pain in neck or back. Arched back/ head held down. Ataxia; paraparesis; paraplegia; tetra paresis.

Potential DX?

A

IVDD

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12
Q

DXics for IVDD

A

MRI
CT (faster then MRI lower quality)
Myelogram (invasive)

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13
Q

Tx for IVDD

A

Avoid Steroids!

if only pain no neuro: cage rest; opiates or NSAIDS

Nonambulatory/ unresponsive : surgical decompression
thoracolumbar: hemilaminectomy
Cervical: ventral slot

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14
Q

hansen type 1 IVDD

A

chondordystrophic breeds

nucleus pulposis extrudes through the annulus

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15
Q

hansen type 2

A

hypertrophy/ bulging of the annulus

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16
Q

IVDD prognosis

A

ambulatory: excellent
nonamb w/ deep pain: excellent with sx
nonamb with no deep pain: 50% regain func if sx within 24 hours

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17
Q

Dog presents with cough; evercise intolerance; abdominal distension; harsh lung sounds +/- heart murmur/arrhythmia
DX?
Diagnostics?

A

Heart Failure

thoracic rads: heart enlargement; dialated pulmonary veins, interstitial/ alveolar lung changes in caudo dorsal lung fields

echo:
left atrial +/- left ventricular enlargement causing pulmonary edema
valvular insuff
right atrial and ventricular dilation

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18
Q

Treatment for acute heart failure

A

furosemide
O2 therapy
+inotrope and vasodilator: pimobenden
+/- mild sedation to reduce stress

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19
Q

tx chronic heart failure

A

furosemide
+inotrope and vasodilator: pimobenden
ACE inhibitor
restrict exercise and dietary salt

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20
Q

Dog presents with cough; exercise intolerance ; abdominal distension; weight loss poor body condition

A

Heartworm

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21
Q

Diagnostics for Heartworm?

A

SNAP test - protein secreted by adult female worm 5 mo post infection

false negatives if: Ag/Ab complex formation
no adult female worms
light parasite load

Microfilaria test: recommended annually

Thoracic Radiographs: enlarged tortuous +/- blunted pulmonary arteries
pulmonary parenchymal disease
right heart heart enlargement

echo: pulmonary artery dilation; right heart dilated; visible heartworms in pulomnary artery; caval syndrome (HW visible in right ventricle and maybe right atrium

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22
Q

Heartworm Treatment

A

Doxycycline: 30 days prior to aduticide ( reduces wolbacia intracellular bacteria essential for worm survival)

Adulticide: melarsomine dihydrochloride 3 dose protocol im, wait 1 mo then 2 doses given 24 hours apart kils 98% of heartworm
STRICT exercise restriction for 6-8 weeks after last dose

Corticosteroids: tapering antiinflammatory does to control clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism; 1-2 mos prior to adulticide if symptomatic or microfilria +

Sx extraction of adult worms indicated with caval syndrome

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23
Q

Heartworm prevention

A

macrocyclic lactones
prevent new infections; eliminate susceptible alrvae and microfilaria

if microfilaria + pre treat with diphenhydramine and corticosteroids

treat monthly strating 2 mos prior to adulticide

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24
Q

intact middle aged female 3-4 weeks post estrus ; pu/pd; vomiting; anorexia; abdominal pain; enlarged palpable uterus

+/- vulvar discharge

A

Pyometra

DX:
Abdominal Rads
distended tubular enlarged fluid filled uterus.
Vaginal cytology: degenerative neutrophils +/- phagocytized bacteria
abdominal u/s enlarged fluid filled uterus: rule out pregnancy

Stabilization: IV fluids; broad spectrum AB; analgesics

SX: OVH

RULE OUT IN ANY SYSTEMICALLY ILL FEMALE DOG.

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25
Q

Acute onset of moderate to severe pruitis ; more commonly in the warmer seasons; excessive self grooming and hair loss; especially rear half of body

A

Flea allergy Dermatitis

DX: hx and PE
visible fleas
flea comb/ dirt
+ response after flea eradication

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26
Q

TX for FAD

A

corticosteriods tapered- pruritis
topical oral flea adulticide

environmental control

15% of dogs have no evidence of fleas

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27
Q

bunny hoping gate; lameness ; difficulty rising; + ortalani sign

A

hip dysplasia

rads: shallow acetabulum
flattening of femoral head
<50% coverage by acetabulum
thickened femoral neck 
morgan line
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28
Q

young medium to giant breed dog, male; acute lameness fever; long bone pain

A

Panosteitis

rads: multiple long bones have increased medullary opacity
tx: analgesia

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29
Q

young medium to giant breed dog, male; acute lameness fever, swollen and warm distal limb; metaphyseal pain

A

HOD

double physeal line

tx: analgesia

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30
Q

young medium to giant breed dog, male; acute lameness, fever, joint effusion, decreased range of motion

A

OCD

CT
Rads
flattening of subchondral bone; joint effusion; image both limbs

sx debridement or medical rx with joint supplements and analgesics

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31
Q

3- 12 mo old small or toy breed dog with pelvic limb lameness

A

Legge- perthes dz ( avascular necrosis of the femoral heads)

lots of bone opacity at femoral epiphysis; moth eaten appearance of femoral neck and head

surgical femoral head ostectomy or total hip replacement analgesics

prognosis good w/ sx

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32
Q

Treatment for Hip dysplasia

A

triple pelvic osteotomy; femoral head ostectomy; total hip replacement.

Nsaids; weight loss joint supplements

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33
Q

Which is more accurate method of dxing hip dysplasia?

A

PennHIP

more accurate for dx at an earlier age than OFA

34
Q

OCD prevention

A

avoid excess food, Ca, vit D

35
Q

stupor stumbling, ataxia, nausea, pu/pd

A

1-2 hours post Ethylene Glycol toxicity

36
Q

anorexia, lethargy, pu/pd, vomiting

A

signs related to renal failure- 24-72 hours post ethylene glycol toxicity

37
Q

DXic options for suspect EG toxicity

A

EG blood screening: detects for 30 min to 12 hours after ingestion

Utinalysis: Calcium oxalate crystals 3-18hrs post ing
isosthenuria as renal failur developes

High anion gap metabolic acidosis
osmole gap greater than 20 mOsm/kg strongly correlates with blood EG level

Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalemia, hyperglycemia

38
Q

crystals seen in EG toxicity

A

calcium oxalate

39
Q

Tx of EG toxicity

A

Best window 8-12 hours post ing

decontaminate: emesis; activated charcoal (lots low affinity for EG)

Fomepizole (prevents conversion to toxic metabolites) (oxalic acid)

7% ethanol solution parenterally

fluids; hemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis if oliguria or anuria present

40
Q

False +s on EG blood test

A

propylene glycol; glycerol in activated charcoal, semi moist dog foods, inj diazepam

41
Q

A <8mo old puppy/ unvaccinated adult; vomiting; hemorrhagic diarrhea; lethargy; inappetance

doberman; rotty; pits; GSD; Dachshund

A

Parvoviral enteritis

42
Q

DX Parvo Virus

A

Fecal ELISA
Leukopenia Neutropenia
hypoalbunemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, prerenal azotemia

FECAL: concurrent helminthiasis

43
Q

TX Parvo

A

IV Fluid therapy (KCl or dextrose if needed) (Colloid support (heatstarch or albumin)

Broad Spectrum AB bacterialcidal ( ampicillin, cephlasporin, unasyn)

Anti nausea drugs ( metoclopramide, ondansetron, maropitant)

nutritional support

44
Q

Parvo ELISA considerations

A

False +s: within 5-15 d of vacc

False -s : if test too early in dz process

45
Q

Parvo virus properties

A

resistant non enveloped single stranded DNA virus

CPV-2b most common in US
CPV-2c increasing

Virus attacks intestinal crypt cells, lyphopoietic tissue and bone marrow

46
Q

disinfection : Parvo virus

A

CLEAN

then 1:32 bleach solution to kill virus

47
Q

older, giant/ large breed dog with narrow and deep chest cavity;
abdominal distension; ping
unproductive retching, ptyalism, discomfort, restlessness, collapse

A

GDV

48
Q

Radiographic finding of GDV

A

right lateral abdomen

gas ditended pylorus cranuial to fundus; double bubble; Use DV but NOT VD (aspiration)

49
Q

CBC/ Chem findings GDV

A

hemoconcentration; increased lactate

+/- DIC

50
Q

TX plan for GDV

A 
FLUIDS (1st)
Rads
Decompression
(trochar or orogastric tube) 
opiods
SX - decompression and de rotation
Gastropexy

possible gastic resection; splenectomy

post op
Fluids; analgesia, AB
Gastric acid reducers monitor for arrythmias (ventricular) GI pro motility meds

51
Q

most common arryhmias seen with GDV cases

A

ventricular

52
Q

Factors assoc with poor GDV prognosis

A

Gastric necrosis
preop lactate >6 mmol/ L
Greater than 5 hr time lag from onset to evaluation

53
Q

mid to large sized middle age dog with weight gain; lethargy; weakness; alopecia (rat tail, symmetrical truncal alopecia) cold intolerance
possible neuro signs
rare- myxedema coma

A

hypothyroidism

54
Q

DXic findings Hypothyroid Dog CBC

A

CBC: Mild non regenerative anemia

55
Q

DXic findings Hypothyroid Dog Chem

A

hyperlipidemia (cholesterol and TGs)

56
Q

T4 findings - hypothyroid dog

A

total t4- low (may be low normal if Abs present)
Free T4 - measures metabolically available T4- if low confirms hypothyroid - RO euthyroid sick (other dz process)

TSH- normal to increased
Serum thyroglobulin auto antibodies increased in lymphocytic throiditid

57
Q

RX Dog Hypothyroid

A

levothyroxin PO

IV T4 for myexdema coma

58
Q

Cloudy white pupil; decreased vision

A

cataract

Blood/ Urine glucose; ocular U/s, ERG

tx: sx

assoc with DM

59
Q

<2 yr old english bulldog; beagle; Shihtzu, cocker

smooth moist reddish pink mass at medial canthus

A

Cherry eye

tx: sx - only remove if cancerous - risk of keratoconjunctivitis sicca

60
Q

conjunctival hyperemia; photophobia, blepherospasm

aqueous flare; color change of iris; midrange to miotic pupils

A

Uveitis

tonometry (IOP)
< 10mmHG

50% idiopathic

61
Q

what is aqueous flare?

A

cloudiness of aqueous humor

62
Q

Big Blue Eye (buphthalmos)
visual impairment
tortuous episleral vessels

A

Glaucoma

tonometry (IOP)
> 30mmHG

can be 2dary to uveitis

gonioscopy - visualize reduction of iridocorneal angle

u/s

early referral!
tx contralateral eye with prophylactics
tx for pain even if blind

63
Q

Tx Uveitis

A

topical and systemic corticosteriods or NSAIDS (unless 2ndary to protozoal or fungal inf / corneal ulceration)

topical atropine to deacrease pain of iridocyclospasm

find underlying cause and tx

64
Q

Acute Glaucoma tx

A 
decrease IOP and pain mgmt
Top/sys carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Topical beta- adrenergic antagonist or blocker
MAnnitol
\+/- corticosteroids
65
Q

Chronic Glaucoma tx

A

topical prostaglandins; enucleation

66
Q

Acute/ Chronic may be subclinical

Hx of diet indiscretion
high fat diet
vomiting anorexia
diarrhea abdominal pain,weakness, dehydration

A

Pancreatitis

67
Q

Drugs assoc with pancreatitis

A 
Kbr
azothioprine
L asparginase
phenobarbital
thiazide diuretics
68
Q

breed overreprisented with pancreatitis

A

mini schnauzer

69
Q

DX Plan Pancreatitis

A

SNAP canine pancreatic lipase. If positive confirm w/ canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (spec CPLI) test

u/s: abdominal
enlarged hypoechoic pancreas
hyperechoic peripancreatic fat
fluid around pancreas- not useful in dx but aid to rule out other ddxs

4-5x elevation of lipase and amylase are suggestive

70
Q

Treatment for pancreatitis

A 
aggressive fluid therapy with appropriate additives based on lab work +/- colloid support or plasma
pain med (opiod or lidocaine CRI) 
ante nausea meds (maripotent, odansetron, dolasetron) 
ultra low fat nutritional support unless intractable vomiting

avoid antibiotics unless necessary

71
Q

acute onset non productive cough +/- retch

hx of exposure to other dogs (large #s)

A

Kennel Cough

infectious tracheobronchitis

72
Q

DX of Kennel Cough

A

hx and clinical signs strongly suggestive
bacterial culture/ PCRof Bordetella bronchoseptica from nasal or oropharngeal swabs, transtracheal wash or BAL

on thoracic rads can see signs of pnuemonia if severe

73
Q

Treatment of Kennel Cough

A

if no secondary pneumonia resolves in 7-10 days

cough supressants if persistent dry cough (hydrocodone, butorphanol)

74
Q

Bronchopneumonia tx

A

antibiotics oral iv if severe based on C/s
nebulization w/ sterile saline +/- gentimicin
iv/sq fluid therapy
o2 therapy

75
Q

Etiology of Kennel Cough

A

CPIV, CAV-2, CDV
B. Bronchospetica
Mycoplasma

76
Q

Vaccination for Kennel Cough

A

CPIV/CAV-2/CDV modified live combo
and or
B. Bronchospetica/ CPIV intranasal combo

reduce inf rate and severity

77
Q

A dog presents with regugitation, coughing, drooling, weight loss,

+/- weakness , pnuemonia

A

megaesophagus

weakness due to myasthenia gravis, polyneuropathy or poly myopathy.

78
Q

DX Megaesophagus

A

may be idiopathic or secondary to systemic dz
thoracic rad air- filled dialated esophogus
+/- 2ndary aspiration pnuemonia (VD view best)

79
Q

Tests of underlying conditions of Megaesophogus

A

Acetylcholine receptor Ab test - Mysenthia gravis
ACTH stim- ADdison dz
Free T4 - hypothyroid
lead levels
EMG/ nerve conduction for polymyopathy or polyneropathy

80
Q

TX megaesophogus

A

tx underlying condition and or aspiration pnumonia
upright or meatball feeding
GI motility meds aid in gastric emptying to reduce esophogeal reflux (cisapride)
Gastric acid reducers to decrease acid reflux (PPI : pantazolprole, omeprazole. H2 blockers: famotidine, ranitidine)

81
Q

Breed predilictions for megaesophogus

A

GSD, Mini Shnauzer, fox terrier

82
Q

drugs causing temporary megaesophagus

A

ketamine, xylazine

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