Canine : Canine Parvoviral Enteritis

Question 1

Canine Parvoviral Enteritis (CPVE) is caused by what virus?

Answer 1

Canine parvovirus

Question 2

What are the to type of Canine Parvovirus?

Answer 2

Canine Parvovirus - 1 (CPV-1) or also known as the minute virus of canines

and

Canine Parvovirus - 2 (CPV - 2) which is the classical parvoviral enteritis.

Question 3

Mode of transmission for CPVE?

Answer 3

Fecal - Oral route

Question 4

CPVE is most severe seen in what age of animal?

Answer 4

Young pups at 6 week to 6 months, especially when they’re unvaccinated and having condition concurrent with helminthiasis, salmonellosis and etc.

Question 5

Where is the first replication of the virus once it enters the animal’s body through the fecal oral route?

Answer 5

Virus will replicate in lympoid tissue that is located in the oropharynx, mesenteric lymph node and thymus first.

Question 6

What happens when CPVE cause viremia?

Answer 6

Animal will experience diarrhea due to the virus migrating to the intestinal crypts and intestinal villi.

Question 7

Aside from the intestine epithelial, what are other cells that is destroyed/damaged by the virus?

Answer 7

The virus also destroy mitotically active precursors of circulating leukocytes and lymphoid cells.

Question 8

Serology findings of CPVE?

Answer 8

Neutropenia, lymphopenia, Anemia

Question 9

When the lymphoid cells are affected by the virus, what are the complications?

Answer 9

secondary bacteria infection, bacteremia, intestinal damage, endotoxemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 10

What are the major tissues in clinical findings of CPVE cases?

Answer 10

Gastrointestinal tract, Bone Marrow and Myocardium

Question 11

Clinical Signs of CPVE?

Answer 11

1. Diarrhea due to enteritis, hemorrhagic and foul-smelling diarrhea.
2. Pyrexia
3. Ulceration at the oral or vagina cavity.
4. Lethargy
5. Dehydration

Question 12

Diagnosis of CPVE?

Answer 12

1. Sudden onset of foul smelling diarrhea
2. Clinical signs
3. Haemogram - leukopenia and neutrophilia
4. Serology
5. Faecal ELISA
6. Agglutination test
7. Nucleic acid amplification test

Question 13

Pathologic findings of CPVE?

Answer 13

1. Thickening of intestinal wall and segemental discoloration.
2. Presence of dark, watery or bloody intestinal content.
3. Pulmonary Oedema.
4. Lymphadenopathies.
5. Denudation of intetinal mucosa.

Question 14

Treatment for CPVE?

Answer 14

1. Gives antiemetics such as chlorpromazine, metoclopromide
2. Antimicrobials ( ampicillin, cefazoline, gentamicin)
3. Gastric protectants (cimetidine, ranitidine)
4. Restore fluid and electrolyte balance (colloids, whole blood, plasma etc)

Question 15

Antiemetics for CPVE?

Answer 15

Chlorpromazine (0.5mg/kg, IM)

Metoclopromide
0.2-0.4 mg/kg, SC

Question 16

Antimicrobials for CPVE?

Answer 16

Ampicillin (10-20mg/kg, SC,IM)

Cefazoline (22mg/kg, IM)

Gentamicin (6-8 mg.kg, SC)

Question 17

Gastric protectant for CPVE ?

Answer 17

Cimetidine (5-10mg/kg, IV)

Ranitidine (2-4mg/kg IM)

Question 18

Are puppies born from dam that has CPV antibodies protected against CPVE?

Answer 18

Yes, but for a few weeks of early life if the colostrum ingested is sufficient, however, susceptibility to infection increases as maternal antibody fades.

Question 19

Why lymphopenia and neutropenia develops?

Answer 19

The virus destroy the hematopoietic progenitor cell in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue.

Question 20

What will happen to the fetus of unvaccinated dam if the dam is not vaccinated?

Answer 20

The fetus will have myocardial infarction, myocarditis and necrosis.