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Therio Final > Canine and Feline > Flashcards

Canine and Feline Flashcards

1
Q

Define outbreeding

A

Breeding to a member of the same breed that is less closely related than the breed average

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2
Q

Define inbreeding

A

Breeding to a closely related animal (parents and offspring, siblings, etc.)

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3
Q

Define line breeding

A

Repeated use of one or two animals (usually males) for breeding to increase a certain trait- form of inbreeding

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4
Q

How long do you want the anestrus period to be before breeding?

A

At least 3 months (to build endometrium)

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5
Q

What are signs of proestrus in dogs?

A

Attracting males, serosanguineous discharge, swollen vulva, high cellularity

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6
Q

What are signs of estrus in dogs?

A

Tail flagging, receptive to mating

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7
Q

What are signs of diestrus and anestrus in dogs?

A

Being non-receptive to mating

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8
Q

What will you see on vaginoscopy during proestrus? During estrus?

A

Proestrus- edematous, estrus- crenulation/shrinkage

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9
Q

What are the breeding recommendations for using fresh semen?

A

Breed every other day starting when you see >80% cornification until they are out of heat

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10
Q

What are the breeding recommendations for using fresh cooled semen?

A

Breed on days 3 and 4 after the LH surge; evaluate semen and know whether an extender was used

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11
Q

What are breeding recommendations for using frozen semen?

A

Use days 5-7 after the LH surge, make sure you know semen information (post-thaw motility). Thaw at 37C for 30 seconds or 50C for 8-10 seconds

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12
Q

How can you find out when the LH surge is?

A

By running progesterone. Should be 1.5-3ng at LH, 4-10ng during ovulation. Breed when P4 >20ng

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13
Q

What do you need to ensure if you are breeding naturally?

A

That there is a tie

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14
Q

What type of AI is used most?

A

Transcervical insemination (TCI)

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15
Q

When can pregnancy be diagnosed in a bitch on ultrasound?

A

21 days after LH surge, 30 days after D1 estrus

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16
Q

When can you try to count the number of fetuses?

A

> 45 days after LH

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17
Q

What serology test can you use to detect pregnancy? When can you use it?

A

Relaxin- 30 days post LH-surge. Can have false negatives and positives

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18
Q

What would you estimate the whelping date to be?

A

65 +/- 1 day from LH surge, 57 +/- 1 day from cytologic diestrus, 57-72 days from mating

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19
Q

What hormones are active during the feline early proestrus and estrus stages? What about late proestrus? Diestrus? Anestrus?

A

Early proestrus and estrus- E2 dominates. Proestrus- E2 and P4 low. Diestrus- P4 high. Anestrus- quiescence.

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20
Q

What are signs of proestrus and estrus in queens?

A

Rubbing head and neck, lordosis, vocalization

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21
Q

What are signs of diestrus in queens?

A

No sexual receptivity

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22
Q

Describe natural breeding in queens

A

Bring queen into tom territory. They will mate multiple times to increase LH release. Queen will undergo “coital cry” (disoriented rolling, stretching, and genital licking). Multiple matings the first 2-3 days of estrus is recommended.

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23
Q

Describe fresh artificial insemination in a queen

A

Induce ovulation with 50-250 IU hCG, do vaginal or intrauterine insemination with 50 x 10^6 PMS

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24
Q

Describe frozen artificial insemination in a queen

A

Induce ovulation with 50-250 IU hCG, inseminate intrauterine 28 hours later with 20-50x 10^6 PMS

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25
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy on a queen via ultrasound?

A

> 16 days after breeding

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26
Q

When would you perform radiographs on a pregnant queen?

A

38-40 days after breeding

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27
Q

What information should you obtain about a bitch before breeding her?

A

Pre-breeding health screening, make sure she has appropriate BCS, diet, supplements, medications, lifestyle information, vaccination history, Brucella canis status

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28
Q

What tests are there for Brucellosis?

A

RCAT/TAT- good test but not currently available. IFA- not very sensitive. AGID.

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29
Q

What will you feel on abdominal palpation during different stages of bitch pregnancy?

A

Days 18-30- “pearls on a string”, days 30-45- full abdomen, hard to say, days 45+- fetal skeletons easily palpable.
Caveat- large breeds, tense abdomens, obesity, carrying cranially in abdomen can be difficult

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30
Q

What produces relaxin?

A

The placenta

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31
Q

What would you see on radiographs of a bitch >20 days pregnant?

A

Large fluid-filled horns. Need to differentiate from pyometra.

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32
Q

When will you be able to see fetal skeletons on radiographs in a bitch?

A

Days 45+

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33
Q

Describe the first stage of parturition

A

Nesting behavior, inappetence, restlessness, can last up to 36 hours, can experience drop in temperature

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34
Q

Describe the second stage of parturition

A

Fetal expulsion- repeated for each pup/kit, should last no more than 20-30 minutes. Characterized by abdominal contractions. Laborious but shouldn’t be painful.

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35
Q

Describe the third stage of parturition

A

Rest-phase/placental expulsion. Dam rests in between pups/kits for a few minutes up to several hours. She should take care of her pups, potentially eat and drink. A delay longer than 2-3 hours is evidence of dystocia

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36
Q

In what time frame should all pups be delivered within?

A

Within 24 hours

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37
Q

How is parturition initiated?

A

By puppies signaling stress and being ready to come out. Causes rapid increase in maternal ratio of estrogen to progesterone with an abrupt decline in progesterone ~14 hours prepartum (contributes to prolactin production)

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38
Q

What heart rates are associated with fetal stress?

A

> 180-200- late gestation; 170-180- mild stress; 150-170- moderate stress; <150- severe stress

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39
Q

What are indications for a C-section?

A

Singleton pregnancy (probably won’t produce enough hormones), brachycephalic breeds (high risk of obstructive dystocia), fetal compromise/demise, dystocia

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40
Q

What are signs for dystocia? Why is it an emergency?

A

No puppy after 30min hard pushing, water breaks and no puppy within 30min, more than 2 hours between puppies, total delivery time >12 hours, any sign of pain or distress. Emergency because oxygen dwindles.

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41
Q

How would you perform neonatal resuscitation?

A

Clear the airway with a bulb syringe, rub to stimulate, apply supplemental heat, provide positive pressure ventilation with a face mask. HR should be 150-220bpm, CRT should be 1-2s, pink.

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42
Q

What is the pathophysiology of puppy vaginitis?

A

Imbalances of the juvenile vaginal glandular epithelium

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43
Q

What are causes of puppy vaginitis?

A

Prepubertal vagina, infantile (recessed/hooded) vulva

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44
Q

Describe the signalment and clinical signs of puppy vaginitis

A

Female <1 year old with vulvar discharge (mucoid to purulent, scant to copious), hyperemic with perivulvar dermatitis

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45
Q

How is vaginitis diagnosed?

A

Via vaginoscope- hyperemia, prominent lymphoid follicles, exudates

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46
Q

What are differential diagnoses for puppy vaginitis?

A

Foreign body, trauma

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47
Q

How is puppy vaginitis treated?

A

Usually resolves without treatment after first estrus. If in extreme discomfort, use antibiotics- discouraged. Can use antiseptic wipes. Avoid elective OHE prior to first heat.

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48
Q

What are causes of adult vaginitis?

A

UTI, urinary/fecal incontinence, alteration of normal microbiota by antibiotic overuse, foreign body, neoplasia, congenital anomaly, trauma, viral, hematoma, abscess, diabetes mellitus, selenium toxicity, exogenous or endogenous androgens

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49
Q

What kind of history would you expect in a case of adult vaginitis?

A

Vulvar discharge, excessive vulvar licking, perivulvar pruritus, pollakiuria, pain during urination, PU/PD, urinary incontinence, infertility, OHE prior to first estrus

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50
Q

What are the PE findings consistent with adult vaginitis?

A

Discharge, hyperemia, perivulvar dermatitis, strictures, hymen at VV junction, granularity of the mucosa

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51
Q

What are differential diagnoses for adult vaginitis?

A

Normal estrous discharge, normal slight purulent discharge in early diestrus, normal mucus on occasion during pregnancy, normal post-partum discharge, cystourethritis, foreign body, pyometra, metritis, retained placenta, clitoral hypertrophy, pregnancy loss, ectopic ureter, perivulvar dermatitis, incontinence, sexual differentiation disorder, abscess, zinc toxicity

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52
Q

How do you diagnose adult vaginitis?

A

Urinalysis (rule in or out UTI), U/S (rule out uterus as source of discharge, detect masses or FB), contrast radiography (identify strictures, fistulas, FB, masses), vaginoscopy

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53
Q

How is adult vaginitis treated?

A

Identify and resolve cause, surgical correction if necessary, antibiotics based on sensitivity for 4 weeks, NSAID or anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Many will spontaneously resolve.

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54
Q

How does vaginal prolapse occur?

A

Exaggerated response of edema to estrogen

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55
Q

What is grade 1 vaginal fold prolapse?

A

Slight eversion of the vaginal floor dorsal to the urethral orifice but no protrusion through the vulva

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56
Q

What is grade 2 vaginal prolapse?

A

Vaginal tissue prolapses through the vulvar opening (tongue-shaped mass)

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57
Q

What is grade 3 vaginal prolapse?

A

Donut-shaped eversion of the entire circumference of vaginal wall, including urethral orifice see ventrally on prolapsed tissue

58
Q

What is the common signalment for vaginal prolapse?

A

Young (18-22 mo) large breed bitches, especially brachycephalic (boxers, mastiffs, English bulldogs, St. Bernards)

59
Q

What are differential diagnoses for vaginal prolapse?

A

Vaginal polyp, neoplasia, clitoral hypertrophy

60
Q

What clinical sign would urge you to do lab work on a vaginal prolapse?

A

Dysuria

61
Q

How is vaginal prolapse treated?

A

Keep tissue clean and lubricated, use E. collar, keep environment clean, monitor for urination, spontaneous regression during late or early estrus

62
Q

What is the recurrence rate of vaginal prolapse at the next estrus?

A

66-100%

63
Q

What will prevent vaginal prolapse recurrence?

A

OHE

64
Q

What medications could you use to increase the speed of resolution of vaginal prolapse?

A

GnRH or hCG- may hasten by a few days

65
Q

What do mullerian ducts form?

A

Fuse to form uterine body, cervix, and cranial vagina

66
Q

What is the hymen composed of?

A

Epithelial linings of paramesonephric ducts and urogenital sinus and an interposed layer of mesoderm

67
Q

Define imperforate hymen

A

A hymen that has not been perforated

68
Q

What are acquired malformations of the vagina?

A

Vaginal scaring (due to trauma or inflammation), hypertrophy, neoplasia, fistula, foreign body

69
Q

Describe the etiology of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

Progesterone causes proliferation of endometrial glands, inhibits myometrial contractions, and stimulates cervical closure

70
Q

What is the result of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Irregular endometrial surface, irregular glandular secretion, poor uterine clearance, poor embryo transport and nutrition

71
Q

What is the goal for a bitch with cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Rest the uterus by prolonging anestrus with Mibolerone (synthetic androgen) for 3-5 months. Avoid progestin supplementation and avoid estrogen exposure.

72
Q

What percent of intact female dogs will present for canine pyometra before 10 years old?

A

25%

73
Q

When is pyometra most commonly seen in dogs?

A

4-8 weeks after estrus

74
Q

When is pyometra most commonly seen in cats?

A

1-4 weeks after estrus

75
Q

Describe the clinical signs of pyometra

A

Vulvar discharge (copious, mucopurulent red/brown to yellow/green foul-smelling), abdominal distension, depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, PU/PD, febrile or hypothermic, dehydration

76
Q

What lab findings are associated with pyometra?

A

Peripheral leukocytosis (left shift w/ toxic change), mild, normocytic, normochromic anemia, azotemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia

77
Q

What are the pros and cons of OHE as a pyometra treatment?

A

Rapid elimination of organisms, >80% recover, permanent, BUT causes infertility and puts potentially unstable dog in risky surgery

78
Q

What are the pros and cons of medical therapy for pyometra?

A

Up to 80-90% recovery, avoids surgery, BUT recurrence rates as high as 30-60% on subsequent cycles, requires extended treatment and hospitalization

79
Q

Describe medical therapy as a treatment for pyometra

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics, PGF2-a at low doses (for cervical relaxation), cabergoline, NSAIDs, fluids, heparin, should breed on the subsequent cycle.

80
Q

Define hydrometra

A

Sterile serous fluid in uterus

81
Q

Define mucometra

A

Sterile mucous fluid in uterus

82
Q

Define hematometra

A

Sterile blood in uterus

83
Q

When does pregnancy toxemia occur? What is it’s risk factors and etiology?

A

Occurs late in pregnancy, usually with large litters and low energy intake

84
Q

How is pregnancy toxemia diagnosed?

A

Via urine ketones

85
Q

What is the treatment for pregnancy toxemia?

A

Early- nutritional supplementation. Severe- pregnancy termination, C-section, or parturition induction

86
Q

How does pregnancy cause diabetes mellitus?

A

Progesterone alters CHO metabolism

87
Q

What is Brucella canis?

A

A gram negative coccobacillus that is zoonotic, associated with embryonic death, abortion, and lymphadenitis

88
Q

What are signs of Brucella canis?

A

Abortion at 7-9 weeks, prolonged vaginal discharge

89
Q

How is Brucella canis transmitted?

A

Venereally, or through injection of infected tissue

90
Q

How do you diagnose Brucella canis?

A

Culture- low sensitivity; Serology- must be done after seroconversion, 4-8wks post infection; RCAT/RSAT/TAT- can have false positives; + 2 mercaptoethanol- can confirm negative; IFA; AGIA

91
Q

What is the treatment for Brucella canis?

A

None :(

92
Q

What is the prevalence of canine herpesvirus? How is it transmitted?

A

60-80%, transmitted by licking and fomites

93
Q

What are the signs of canine herpesvirus?

A

Adults- none, reactivated by stress; neonates- fatal; pregnant bitch- fetal death, mummification, abortion (>30 days), stillbirth

94
Q

How is canine herpesvirus diagnosed?

A

Serology, viral isolation, focal necrosis found in placenta

95
Q

Describe ectopic pregnancy

A

Presence of mummified or macerated fetuses outside of the uterus, caused by uterine wall rupture. Can present asymptomatic, vomiting, depressed. Diagnose on radiographs. Treat w/ surgical removal.

96
Q

Describe transmissible venereal tumors

A

Transmitted by coitus, licking of affected genitalia, common in young sexually mature bitches, signs include perineal swelling, tumor masses in vulva/vagina. Diagnose via visual inspection and cytology. Treat by excision (if lesions small), cryosurgery, radiation, or chemotherapy (vincristine)

97
Q

What percent of canine mammary neoplasms are malignant?

A

50%

98
Q

Describe mammary hypertrophy

A

Benign fibroglandular proliferation in young intact queens due to progesterone influence. Tends to disappear spontaneously, during luteolysis, ovariectomy, abortion, or parturition.

99
Q

Define paraphimosis

A

Exteriorized penis that can’t be retracted back into the sheath, usually associated with erection/copulation initially, sometimes preputial hair entraps it

100
Q

How is paraphimosis treated?

A

EMERGENCY- place penis back into prepuce ASAP, urinary catheter, check for foreign objects, lubricate and compress with hypertonic glucose solution, enlarge preputial opening if needed.

101
Q

Define priapism

A

Prolonged extrusion (>4 hours) of an erect penis not associated with sexual arousal, bulbous glandis swollen and firm

102
Q

What causes priapism?

A

Excessive parasympathetic stimulation or decreased venous outflow from the corpus cavernosum penis

103
Q

What are the two forms of priapism?

A

Non-ischemic- due to trauma, drugs, neuro, CN distemper; Ischemic- trauma during mating, chronic distemper, encephalomyelitis, thromboembolism, amphetamines, neoplasia, perineal abscess, or unknown cause

104
Q

What is the treatment for priapism?

A

Aspirate penile blood, if ischemic- intrapenile phenyphedrine, penile amputation and perineal urethrostomy usually required

105
Q

Define phimosis

A

Inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice, usually caused by congenitally small preputia orifice, persistent frenulum, or acquired injury

106
Q

What can happen if phimosis is severe? How is it treated?

A

Can interfere with urination and cause pooling of urine leading to balanoposthitis and septicemia. Treat with surgery

107
Q

Who tends to get urethral prolapse and what is its proposed cause?

A

Young male intact brachycephalic breeds and Yorkies, possibly due to excessive sexual behavior, urogenital infection, urinary calculi, or prostatic dysfunction

108
Q

What signs are associated with urethral prolapse?

A

Intermittent bleeding from penis/hematuria, hemospermia, exacerbated by self-trauma

109
Q

Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Stromal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the prostate, can turn to cystic hyperplasia. Usually hormonally dependent, common in intact dogs.

110
Q

What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

None or hematuria and hemospermia, prostate more susceptible to ascending infection and bacterial prostatitis, large and symmetrically enlarged but non-painful

111
Q

Which benign prostatic hyperplasia cases should be treated? How are they treated?

A

Treat symptomatic dogs. Castration is curative. Finasteride can be used in breeding animals (decreases prostate size, should return to normal size 8w after stopping therapy, reduces clinical signs)

112
Q

Describe prostatitis

A

Inflammation/infection of the prostate. Abscess can form secondary to bacterial prostatitis. Can be concurrent with BPH or retention cysts.

113
Q

What are potential causes of prostatitis?

A

UTI pathogens, hematogenous spread possible, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococci sp., Staphylococcal sp., Brucella canis, or blastomyces and cryptococcus

114
Q

How would a dog with acute prostatitis present?

A

Systemically ill with pyuria, stiff gait, painful, fever, dehydrated

115
Q

How would you treat a dog with acute prostatitis?

A

Antibiotics (based on C+S), for minimum of 3 weeks, obtain prostatic fluid and confirm negative 1-2 weeks after stopping abx

116
Q

How would a dog with chronic prostatitis present?

A

Stiff gait, recurrent UTIs, symmetrical non-painful firm prostate

117
Q

How would you treat a dog with chronic prostatitis?

A

Antibiotics (based on C+S and ability to penetrate blood-prostate barrier- enrofloxacin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, doxycycline) for a minimum of 6 weeks, repeat prostatic fluid culture and continue antibiotics 4 weeks after first negative culture. Castrate refractory cases.

118
Q

Describe prostatic cysts

A

Occur in intra-prostatic parenchyma due to coalescing glandular/cystic hyperplasia and ductal occlusion (retention cysts) or on outside of prostate (paraprostatic cysts). Larger cysts may be transdermally palpable.

119
Q

What are the signs of prostatic cysts? How are they treated?

A

Usually no signs except mass. Treat with castration or finasteride if associated with BPH. Remove estrogen source if squamous metaplasia. Remove cysts surgically.

120
Q

What is the mean age of dogs with prostatic neoplasia? What percent of dogs with prostatic disease have neoplasia?

A

Age 10; 5-7%

121
Q

What are the types of prostatic neoplasia and which is most common?

A

Prostatic ACA > fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, SCC, TCC

122
Q

Is BPH a risk factor for prostatic neoplasia?

A

No

123
Q

Is prostatic neoplasia androgen dependent?

A

No

124
Q

Where does prostatic ACA commonly metastasize?

A

Bones, typically LS spine or pelvis

125
Q

What are signs of intraprostatic fibrosing reaction w/ ossification and hyperplasia from neoplasia?

A

Irregular or painful prostate with lumbosacral pain and lymphadenopathy

126
Q

What are the uses of abdominal ultrasound in differentiating prostatic disease?

A

Detects size, tissue homogeneity, focal parenchymal abnormalities (cysts/abscesses), loss of tissue homogeneity (prostatitis or neoplasia), also evaluates regional lymph nodes and paraprostatic structures

127
Q

How can abdominal radiography help diagnose prostatic disease?

A

Identifies mineralization, sublumbar lymphadenopathy, bony metastasis associated with neoplasia (mineralization 100% correlation with neoplasia, lack of mineralization 96% correlation with no neoplasia)

128
Q

What can ultrasound-guided FNA of the prostate help differentiate?

A

BPH from prostatitis from neoplasia

129
Q

What is ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate best for?

A

Definitively diagnosing BPH, prostatitis, or neoplasia

130
Q

What does the typical signalment of a dog with a sertoli cell tumor look like?

A

7-10 year old boxer or Weimeraners

131
Q

What is the most common type of tumor for retained testes?

A

Sertoli cell tumor

132
Q

Do sertoli cell tumors have a high metastatic rate?

A

No, 2-6%

133
Q

What symptoms are consistent with sertoli cell tumors?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, hyperpigmentation, gynecomastia, pendulous sheath, keratinization of preputial mucosa, squamous metaplasia of prostate, attraction to male dogs, bone marrow hypoplasia, nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

134
Q

What indicates poor prognosis in sertoli cell tumors

A

Bone marrow suppression

135
Q

Describe seminoma

A

Usually benign, can have enlarged testis or can be microscopic, hormonally unactive, relatively common

136
Q

Describe interstitial cell (Leydig) tumor

A

Frequent incidental finding in necropsy or during U/S. May be hormonally active (androgenic or estrogenic), no association with cryptorchidism, relatively common, benign.

137
Q

How are transmissible venereal tumors treated?

A

With vincristine +/- cyclophosphamide, methotrexate

138
Q

What test should any dog with breeding history have?

A

Brucella canis test

139
Q

How can you enhance your ability to detect sperm in a vaginal cytology?

A

Infuse 5mL saline, recover, centrifuge, remove supernatant, make cytology smear, stain

140
Q

If a bitch is mis-mated and pregnant how would you abort the fetus?

A

Prostaglandin starting at a low dose and increasing 30+ days after breeding, should see bloody discharge with fetal tissue. If after 45 days a frank abortion is more likely. Can also do high dose prostaglandin for 8d starting after cytologic diestrus (prevents implantation) or administer estrogen late in estrus/early diestrus (prevents implantation but risks pyometra)

141
Q

How can you test for ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

Clinical signs + bioassay for estrogen (perform when in heat), rule out exogenous hormones, UTI, and vaginitis. Can test serum LH (if low- ovary present, if high- try again, if high again- no ovary, if now low- ovary). Cornell has a panel for antimuellarian hormone + progesterone. Could also do exploratory surgery (schedule when hormonally active)

142
Q

List clinical signs, diagnostics, and treatment for mastitis

A

Pain, heat, swelling, abnormal discharge, lethargy, fever, inappetence. Run CBC, cytology, culture. Treat with NSAIDs, warm compress with betadine water, and cabbage leaves.

Therio Final (2 decks)

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