Canine and Feline Flashcards
Define outbreeding
Breeding to a member of the same breed that is less closely related than the breed average
Define inbreeding
Breeding to a closely related animal (parents and offspring, siblings, etc.)
Define line breeding
Repeated use of one or two animals (usually males) for breeding to increase a certain trait- form of inbreeding
How long do you want the anestrus period to be before breeding?
At least 3 months (to build endometrium)
What are signs of proestrus in dogs?
Attracting males, serosanguineous discharge, swollen vulva, high cellularity
What are signs of estrus in dogs?
Tail flagging, receptive to mating
What are signs of diestrus and anestrus in dogs?
Being non-receptive to mating
What will you see on vaginoscopy during proestrus? During estrus?
Proestrus- edematous, estrus- crenulation/shrinkage
What are the breeding recommendations for using fresh semen?
Breed every other day starting when you see >80% cornification until they are out of heat
What are the breeding recommendations for using fresh cooled semen?
Breed on days 3 and 4 after the LH surge; evaluate semen and know whether an extender was used
What are breeding recommendations for using frozen semen?
Use days 5-7 after the LH surge, make sure you know semen information (post-thaw motility). Thaw at 37C for 30 seconds or 50C for 8-10 seconds
How can you find out when the LH surge is?
By running progesterone. Should be 1.5-3ng at LH, 4-10ng during ovulation. Breed when P4 >20ng
What do you need to ensure if you are breeding naturally?
That there is a tie
What type of AI is used most?
Transcervical insemination (TCI)
When can pregnancy be diagnosed in a bitch on ultrasound?
21 days after LH surge, 30 days after D1 estrus
When can you try to count the number of fetuses?
> 45 days after LH
What serology test can you use to detect pregnancy? When can you use it?
Relaxin- 30 days post LH-surge. Can have false negatives and positives
What would you estimate the whelping date to be?
65 +/- 1 day from LH surge, 57 +/- 1 day from cytologic diestrus, 57-72 days from mating
What hormones are active during the feline early proestrus and estrus stages? What about late proestrus? Diestrus? Anestrus?
Early proestrus and estrus- E2 dominates. Proestrus- E2 and P4 low. Diestrus- P4 high. Anestrus- quiescence.
What are signs of proestrus and estrus in queens?
Rubbing head and neck, lordosis, vocalization
What are signs of diestrus in queens?
No sexual receptivity
Describe natural breeding in queens
Bring queen into tom territory. They will mate multiple times to increase LH release. Queen will undergo “coital cry” (disoriented rolling, stretching, and genital licking). Multiple matings the first 2-3 days of estrus is recommended.
Describe fresh artificial insemination in a queen
Induce ovulation with 50-250 IU hCG, do vaginal or intrauterine insemination with 50 x 10^6 PMS
Describe frozen artificial insemination in a queen
Induce ovulation with 50-250 IU hCG, inseminate intrauterine 28 hours later with 20-50x 10^6 PMS
When can you diagnose pregnancy on a queen via ultrasound?
> 16 days after breeding
When would you perform radiographs on a pregnant queen?
38-40 days after breeding
What information should you obtain about a bitch before breeding her?
Pre-breeding health screening, make sure she has appropriate BCS, diet, supplements, medications, lifestyle information, vaccination history, Brucella canis status
What tests are there for Brucellosis?
RCAT/TAT- good test but not currently available. IFA- not very sensitive. AGID.
What will you feel on abdominal palpation during different stages of bitch pregnancy?
Days 18-30- “pearls on a string”, days 30-45- full abdomen, hard to say, days 45+- fetal skeletons easily palpable.
Caveat- large breeds, tense abdomens, obesity, carrying cranially in abdomen can be difficult
What produces relaxin?
The placenta
What would you see on radiographs of a bitch >20 days pregnant?
Large fluid-filled horns. Need to differentiate from pyometra.
When will you be able to see fetal skeletons on radiographs in a bitch?
Days 45+
Describe the first stage of parturition
Nesting behavior, inappetence, restlessness, can last up to 36 hours, can experience drop in temperature
Describe the second stage of parturition
Fetal expulsion- repeated for each pup/kit, should last no more than 20-30 minutes. Characterized by abdominal contractions. Laborious but shouldn’t be painful.
Describe the third stage of parturition
Rest-phase/placental expulsion. Dam rests in between pups/kits for a few minutes up to several hours. She should take care of her pups, potentially eat and drink. A delay longer than 2-3 hours is evidence of dystocia
In what time frame should all pups be delivered within?
Within 24 hours
How is parturition initiated?
By puppies signaling stress and being ready to come out. Causes rapid increase in maternal ratio of estrogen to progesterone with an abrupt decline in progesterone ~14 hours prepartum (contributes to prolactin production)
What heart rates are associated with fetal stress?
> 180-200- late gestation; 170-180- mild stress; 150-170- moderate stress; <150- severe stress
What are indications for a C-section?
Singleton pregnancy (probably won’t produce enough hormones), brachycephalic breeds (high risk of obstructive dystocia), fetal compromise/demise, dystocia
What are signs for dystocia? Why is it an emergency?
No puppy after 30min hard pushing, water breaks and no puppy within 30min, more than 2 hours between puppies, total delivery time >12 hours, any sign of pain or distress. Emergency because oxygen dwindles.
How would you perform neonatal resuscitation?
Clear the airway with a bulb syringe, rub to stimulate, apply supplemental heat, provide positive pressure ventilation with a face mask. HR should be 150-220bpm, CRT should be 1-2s, pink.
What is the pathophysiology of puppy vaginitis?
Imbalances of the juvenile vaginal glandular epithelium
What are causes of puppy vaginitis?
Prepubertal vagina, infantile (recessed/hooded) vulva
Describe the signalment and clinical signs of puppy vaginitis
Female <1 year old with vulvar discharge (mucoid to purulent, scant to copious), hyperemic with perivulvar dermatitis
How is vaginitis diagnosed?
Via vaginoscope- hyperemia, prominent lymphoid follicles, exudates
What are differential diagnoses for puppy vaginitis?
Foreign body, trauma
How is puppy vaginitis treated?
Usually resolves without treatment after first estrus. If in extreme discomfort, use antibiotics- discouraged. Can use antiseptic wipes. Avoid elective OHE prior to first heat.
What are causes of adult vaginitis?
UTI, urinary/fecal incontinence, alteration of normal microbiota by antibiotic overuse, foreign body, neoplasia, congenital anomaly, trauma, viral, hematoma, abscess, diabetes mellitus, selenium toxicity, exogenous or endogenous androgens
What kind of history would you expect in a case of adult vaginitis?
Vulvar discharge, excessive vulvar licking, perivulvar pruritus, pollakiuria, pain during urination, PU/PD, urinary incontinence, infertility, OHE prior to first estrus
What are the PE findings consistent with adult vaginitis?
Discharge, hyperemia, perivulvar dermatitis, strictures, hymen at VV junction, granularity of the mucosa
What are differential diagnoses for adult vaginitis?
Normal estrous discharge, normal slight purulent discharge in early diestrus, normal mucus on occasion during pregnancy, normal post-partum discharge, cystourethritis, foreign body, pyometra, metritis, retained placenta, clitoral hypertrophy, pregnancy loss, ectopic ureter, perivulvar dermatitis, incontinence, sexual differentiation disorder, abscess, zinc toxicity
How do you diagnose adult vaginitis?
Urinalysis (rule in or out UTI), U/S (rule out uterus as source of discharge, detect masses or FB), contrast radiography (identify strictures, fistulas, FB, masses), vaginoscopy
How is adult vaginitis treated?
Identify and resolve cause, surgical correction if necessary, antibiotics based on sensitivity for 4 weeks, NSAID or anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Many will spontaneously resolve.
How does vaginal prolapse occur?
Exaggerated response of edema to estrogen
What is grade 1 vaginal fold prolapse?
Slight eversion of the vaginal floor dorsal to the urethral orifice but no protrusion through the vulva
What is grade 2 vaginal prolapse?
Vaginal tissue prolapses through the vulvar opening (tongue-shaped mass)
What is grade 3 vaginal prolapse?
Donut-shaped eversion of the entire circumference of vaginal wall, including urethral orifice see ventrally on prolapsed tissue
What is the common signalment for vaginal prolapse?
Young (18-22 mo) large breed bitches, especially brachycephalic (boxers, mastiffs, English bulldogs, St. Bernards)
What are differential diagnoses for vaginal prolapse?
Vaginal polyp, neoplasia, clitoral hypertrophy
What clinical sign would urge you to do lab work on a vaginal prolapse?
Dysuria
How is vaginal prolapse treated?
Keep tissue clean and lubricated, use E. collar, keep environment clean, monitor for urination, spontaneous regression during late or early estrus
What is the recurrence rate of vaginal prolapse at the next estrus?
66-100%
What will prevent vaginal prolapse recurrence?
OHE
What medications could you use to increase the speed of resolution of vaginal prolapse?
GnRH or hCG- may hasten by a few days
What do mullerian ducts form?
Fuse to form uterine body, cervix, and cranial vagina
What is the hymen composed of?
Epithelial linings of paramesonephric ducts and urogenital sinus and an interposed layer of mesoderm
Define imperforate hymen
A hymen that has not been perforated
What are acquired malformations of the vagina?
Vaginal scaring (due to trauma or inflammation), hypertrophy, neoplasia, fistula, foreign body
Describe the etiology of cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Progesterone causes proliferation of endometrial glands, inhibits myometrial contractions, and stimulates cervical closure
What is the result of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Irregular endometrial surface, irregular glandular secretion, poor uterine clearance, poor embryo transport and nutrition
What is the goal for a bitch with cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Rest the uterus by prolonging anestrus with Mibolerone (synthetic androgen) for 3-5 months. Avoid progestin supplementation and avoid estrogen exposure.
What percent of intact female dogs will present for canine pyometra before 10 years old?
25%
When is pyometra most commonly seen in dogs?
4-8 weeks after estrus
When is pyometra most commonly seen in cats?
1-4 weeks after estrus
Describe the clinical signs of pyometra
Vulvar discharge (copious, mucopurulent red/brown to yellow/green foul-smelling), abdominal distension, depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, PU/PD, febrile or hypothermic, dehydration
What lab findings are associated with pyometra?
Peripheral leukocytosis (left shift w/ toxic change), mild, normocytic, normochromic anemia, azotemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia
What are the pros and cons of OHE as a pyometra treatment?
Rapid elimination of organisms, >80% recover, permanent, BUT causes infertility and puts potentially unstable dog in risky surgery
What are the pros and cons of medical therapy for pyometra?
Up to 80-90% recovery, avoids surgery, BUT recurrence rates as high as 30-60% on subsequent cycles, requires extended treatment and hospitalization
Describe medical therapy as a treatment for pyometra
Broad spectrum antibiotics, PGF2-a at low doses (for cervical relaxation), cabergoline, NSAIDs, fluids, heparin, should breed on the subsequent cycle.
Define hydrometra
Sterile serous fluid in uterus
Define mucometra
Sterile mucous fluid in uterus
Define hematometra
Sterile blood in uterus
When does pregnancy toxemia occur? What is it’s risk factors and etiology?
Occurs late in pregnancy, usually with large litters and low energy intake
How is pregnancy toxemia diagnosed?
Via urine ketones
What is the treatment for pregnancy toxemia?
Early- nutritional supplementation. Severe- pregnancy termination, C-section, or parturition induction
How does pregnancy cause diabetes mellitus?
Progesterone alters CHO metabolism
What is Brucella canis?
A gram negative coccobacillus that is zoonotic, associated with embryonic death, abortion, and lymphadenitis
What are signs of Brucella canis?
Abortion at 7-9 weeks, prolonged vaginal discharge
How is Brucella canis transmitted?
Venereally, or through injection of infected tissue
How do you diagnose Brucella canis?
Culture- low sensitivity; Serology- must be done after seroconversion, 4-8wks post infection; RCAT/RSAT/TAT- can have false positives; + 2 mercaptoethanol- can confirm negative; IFA; AGIA
What is the treatment for Brucella canis?
None :(
What is the prevalence of canine herpesvirus? How is it transmitted?
60-80%, transmitted by licking and fomites
What are the signs of canine herpesvirus?
Adults- none, reactivated by stress; neonates- fatal; pregnant bitch- fetal death, mummification, abortion (>30 days), stillbirth
How is canine herpesvirus diagnosed?
Serology, viral isolation, focal necrosis found in placenta
Describe ectopic pregnancy
Presence of mummified or macerated fetuses outside of the uterus, caused by uterine wall rupture. Can present asymptomatic, vomiting, depressed. Diagnose on radiographs. Treat w/ surgical removal.
Describe transmissible venereal tumors
Transmitted by coitus, licking of affected genitalia, common in young sexually mature bitches, signs include perineal swelling, tumor masses in vulva/vagina. Diagnose via visual inspection and cytology. Treat by excision (if lesions small), cryosurgery, radiation, or chemotherapy (vincristine)
What percent of canine mammary neoplasms are malignant?
50%
Describe mammary hypertrophy
Benign fibroglandular proliferation in young intact queens due to progesterone influence. Tends to disappear spontaneously, during luteolysis, ovariectomy, abortion, or parturition.
Define paraphimosis
Exteriorized penis that can’t be retracted back into the sheath, usually associated with erection/copulation initially, sometimes preputial hair entraps it
How is paraphimosis treated?
EMERGENCY- place penis back into prepuce ASAP, urinary catheter, check for foreign objects, lubricate and compress with hypertonic glucose solution, enlarge preputial opening if needed.
Define priapism
Prolonged extrusion (>4 hours) of an erect penis not associated with sexual arousal, bulbous glandis swollen and firm
What causes priapism?
Excessive parasympathetic stimulation or decreased venous outflow from the corpus cavernosum penis
What are the two forms of priapism?
Non-ischemic- due to trauma, drugs, neuro, CN distemper; Ischemic- trauma during mating, chronic distemper, encephalomyelitis, thromboembolism, amphetamines, neoplasia, perineal abscess, or unknown cause
What is the treatment for priapism?
Aspirate penile blood, if ischemic- intrapenile phenyphedrine, penile amputation and perineal urethrostomy usually required
Define phimosis
Inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice, usually caused by congenitally small preputia orifice, persistent frenulum, or acquired injury
What can happen if phimosis is severe? How is it treated?
Can interfere with urination and cause pooling of urine leading to balanoposthitis and septicemia. Treat with surgery
Who tends to get urethral prolapse and what is its proposed cause?
Young male intact brachycephalic breeds and Yorkies, possibly due to excessive sexual behavior, urogenital infection, urinary calculi, or prostatic dysfunction
What signs are associated with urethral prolapse?
Intermittent bleeding from penis/hematuria, hemospermia, exacerbated by self-trauma
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia
Stromal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the prostate, can turn to cystic hyperplasia. Usually hormonally dependent, common in intact dogs.
What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
None or hematuria and hemospermia, prostate more susceptible to ascending infection and bacterial prostatitis, large and symmetrically enlarged but non-painful
Which benign prostatic hyperplasia cases should be treated? How are they treated?
Treat symptomatic dogs. Castration is curative. Finasteride can be used in breeding animals (decreases prostate size, should return to normal size 8w after stopping therapy, reduces clinical signs)
Describe prostatitis
Inflammation/infection of the prostate. Abscess can form secondary to bacterial prostatitis. Can be concurrent with BPH or retention cysts.
What are potential causes of prostatitis?
UTI pathogens, hematogenous spread possible, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococci sp., Staphylococcal sp., Brucella canis, or blastomyces and cryptococcus
How would a dog with acute prostatitis present?
Systemically ill with pyuria, stiff gait, painful, fever, dehydrated
How would you treat a dog with acute prostatitis?
Antibiotics (based on C+S), for minimum of 3 weeks, obtain prostatic fluid and confirm negative 1-2 weeks after stopping abx
How would a dog with chronic prostatitis present?
Stiff gait, recurrent UTIs, symmetrical non-painful firm prostate
How would you treat a dog with chronic prostatitis?
Antibiotics (based on C+S and ability to penetrate blood-prostate barrier- enrofloxacin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, doxycycline) for a minimum of 6 weeks, repeat prostatic fluid culture and continue antibiotics 4 weeks after first negative culture. Castrate refractory cases.
Describe prostatic cysts
Occur in intra-prostatic parenchyma due to coalescing glandular/cystic hyperplasia and ductal occlusion (retention cysts) or on outside of prostate (paraprostatic cysts). Larger cysts may be transdermally palpable.
What are the signs of prostatic cysts? How are they treated?
Usually no signs except mass. Treat with castration or finasteride if associated with BPH. Remove estrogen source if squamous metaplasia. Remove cysts surgically.
What is the mean age of dogs with prostatic neoplasia? What percent of dogs with prostatic disease have neoplasia?
Age 10; 5-7%
What are the types of prostatic neoplasia and which is most common?
Prostatic ACA > fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, SCC, TCC
Is BPH a risk factor for prostatic neoplasia?
No
Is prostatic neoplasia androgen dependent?
No
Where does prostatic ACA commonly metastasize?
Bones, typically LS spine or pelvis
What are signs of intraprostatic fibrosing reaction w/ ossification and hyperplasia from neoplasia?
Irregular or painful prostate with lumbosacral pain and lymphadenopathy
What are the uses of abdominal ultrasound in differentiating prostatic disease?
Detects size, tissue homogeneity, focal parenchymal abnormalities (cysts/abscesses), loss of tissue homogeneity (prostatitis or neoplasia), also evaluates regional lymph nodes and paraprostatic structures
How can abdominal radiography help diagnose prostatic disease?
Identifies mineralization, sublumbar lymphadenopathy, bony metastasis associated with neoplasia (mineralization 100% correlation with neoplasia, lack of mineralization 96% correlation with no neoplasia)
What can ultrasound-guided FNA of the prostate help differentiate?
BPH from prostatitis from neoplasia
What is ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate best for?
Definitively diagnosing BPH, prostatitis, or neoplasia
What does the typical signalment of a dog with a sertoli cell tumor look like?
7-10 year old boxer or Weimeraners
What is the most common type of tumor for retained testes?
Sertoli cell tumor
Do sertoli cell tumors have a high metastatic rate?
No, 2-6%
What symptoms are consistent with sertoli cell tumors?
Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, hyperpigmentation, gynecomastia, pendulous sheath, keratinization of preputial mucosa, squamous metaplasia of prostate, attraction to male dogs, bone marrow hypoplasia, nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
What indicates poor prognosis in sertoli cell tumors
Bone marrow suppression
Describe seminoma
Usually benign, can have enlarged testis or can be microscopic, hormonally unactive, relatively common
Describe interstitial cell (Leydig) tumor
Frequent incidental finding in necropsy or during U/S. May be hormonally active (androgenic or estrogenic), no association with cryptorchidism, relatively common, benign.
How are transmissible venereal tumors treated?
With vincristine +/- cyclophosphamide, methotrexate
What test should any dog with breeding history have?
Brucella canis test
How can you enhance your ability to detect sperm in a vaginal cytology?
Infuse 5mL saline, recover, centrifuge, remove supernatant, make cytology smear, stain
If a bitch is mis-mated and pregnant how would you abort the fetus?
Prostaglandin starting at a low dose and increasing 30+ days after breeding, should see bloody discharge with fetal tissue. If after 45 days a frank abortion is more likely. Can also do high dose prostaglandin for 8d starting after cytologic diestrus (prevents implantation) or administer estrogen late in estrus/early diestrus (prevents implantation but risks pyometra)
How can you test for ovarian remnant syndrome?
Clinical signs + bioassay for estrogen (perform when in heat), rule out exogenous hormones, UTI, and vaginitis. Can test serum LH (if low- ovary present, if high- try again, if high again- no ovary, if now low- ovary). Cornell has a panel for antimuellarian hormone + progesterone. Could also do exploratory surgery (schedule when hormonally active)
List clinical signs, diagnostics, and treatment for mastitis
Pain, heat, swelling, abnormal discharge, lethargy, fever, inappetence. Run CBC, cytology, culture. Treat with NSAIDs, warm compress with betadine water, and cabbage leaves.
